Microbial Life: Origin and discovery
What is a microbe?
A living organism that requires a microscope to be seen.
What is resolution?
the smallest distance between two objects that allows us to see them as separate objects.
What are thylakoids?
extensively folded intracellular membranes where photosynthesis takes place.
What is gram negative and gram positive bacteria?
Gram negative bacteria:
Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan
Gram positive bacteria: Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
what is the solution for the denaturing of proteins due to high temperature?
Heat shock response makes proteins called chaperone proteins to help maintain protein shape.
What is a genome?
The total genetic information contained in an organism’s chromosomal DNA.
The ability to determine the presence of an object.
What are carboxysomes?
polyhedral bodies packed with the enzyme Rubisco for CO2 fixation
Compare autotrophs and heterotrophs
Autotrophs: fix carbon dioxide into glucose to make their own energy source.
Heterotrophs: can not make their own energy source. Obtains energy via the consumption of organic compounds.
What is the solution for too high of a pH?
Create a surface barrier that keeps the cell away from the extracellular pH or use sodium motive force.
Who was the founder of medical statistics?
Florence Knightingale
What is magnification?
increasing the object’s apparent dimensions
Hollow structures that provide buoyancy to the cell.
what is complex media?
Media that contains many nutrients optimal for successful growth
What is the solution for too low of a pH?
Add in K+ or start the acid tolerance response (global system response)
Who built the first microscope?
Robert Hooke
Name the 4 different types of microscopy.
Electron microscopy
Atomic Force microscopy
Xray-Crystallography
What is the central dogma?
DNA---> RNA (transcription)
RNA----> protein (translation)
what is binary fission?
one parental cell splits into two equal daughter cells
What is the solution for enzyme destruction caused by ROS?
Be an anaerobe. If you don't use oxygen ROS isn't a problem!
Make special enzymes (superoxide dismutase , catalase, peroxidase)
Name the three domains.
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Describe the purpose of each type of microscopy.
Light microscopy- uses focused light and lenses to magnify a cell
Electron microscopy- focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface
Scanning electron microscopy- Scans the outside of the cell using a beam of electrons.
Atomic force microscopy- can produce images of individual atoms on a surface
Xray crystallography- used to determine a protein's three-dimensional structure
What is a septum? What is the function in cocci?
the new cell wall that forms between two daughter cells as a result of cell division. In cocci the spatial orientation of septation determines the shape and arrangement.
a culture in which bacterial populations can be maintained in the exponential/ logarithmic phase for extended periods of time.
Name the ideal growth factors
Pressure of sea level
Temperature of 20-40 C
Near Neutral PH (7)
0.9% salt
Lots of nutrients