Important Figures in Microbiology
Who first observed microorganisms using a simple microscope in 1673?
Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
What process, named after Pasteur, is used to kill harmful microbes in milk and beverages?
What is pasteurization?
What are coccus, bacillus, and spiral?
This organelle is the primary site of ATP production in eukaryotic cells.
What is the mitochondrion?
The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.
What is metabolism?
Whose work with maggots on meat challenged the idea of spontaneous generation?
Who developed the first vaccine using cowpox material to protect against smallpox?
Who is Edward Jenner?
These hairlike appendages help bacterial cells adhere to surfaces.
What are fimbriae?
This material is the main component of fungal cell walls.
What is chitin?
This type of reaction combines simpler substances to form more complex molecules and usually requires energy.
What is anabolism?
Which scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that microorganisms are carried in the air, using swan-neck flasks?
Who is Louis Pasteur?
Which scientist showed that yeasts ferment sugars to alcohol, while bacteria can oxidize alcohol to acetic acid?
Who is Louis Pasteur?
This polymer is found in bacterial cell walls but not in eukaryotic cell walls.
What is peptidoglycan?
This eukaryotic organelle provides a surface for protein synthesis when ribosomes are attached and synthesizes lipids when ribosomes are absent.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)?
During this process, energy is captured as electrons move through a series of acceptors and ultimately to O₂ or another inorganic molecule.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
What sequence of experimental steps is still used today to prove that a microorganism causes a disease?
What are Koch's postulates?
What discovery did Alexander Fleming make in 1928?
What is penicillin?
This type of bacterium has a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane that contains lipid A, an endotoxin.
What is Gram-negative bacteria?
Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, while eukaryotes have this type of ribosome.
What are 80S ribosomes?
In aerobic respiration, this molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
What is oxygen (O₂)?
Which scientist introduced the use of disinfectants to reduce surgical infections in the 1860s?
Joseph Lister
Which Italian scientist demonstrated in 1835 that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus, helping to establish the germ theory of disease?
Agostino Bassi
In the presence of lysozyme, the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria are destroyed, leaving the remaining cellular contents known as this.
What is a protoplast?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts provide evidence for this theory, since they contain 70S ribosomes, their own DNA, and reproduce by binary fission.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
This pathway produces one ATP and two NADPH molecules per glucose and is an alternative to glycolysis in some bacteria.
What is the Entner-Doudoroff pathway?