Chapter 1
The study of living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Includes bacteria, archaea, microbial eukaryotes(such as protozoa, algae, and fungi), viruses, and prions.
What is Microbiology?
These negatively charged dyes don’t stain the cells themselves like basic dyes—instead, they color the background around them
What are acidic dyes?
The three types of diffusion/transport
What is Simple diffusion?(movement high--->low con. no energy/protein) Facilitated diffusion(high--->low con. no energy w/ protein channels) and Active Transport(low--->high con. requires energy(ATP)/proteins)
This Gram-negative bacterium has many species and serotypes, and is known for causing food poisoning, gastroenteritis, and typhoid fever. (Hint:raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and eggs, unpasteurized milk and dairy products)
What is Salmonella?
Why are antibiotics that treat bacterial infections not effective against fungal infections?
What is that antibiotics target bacterial structures like peptidoglycan cell walls and bacterial ribosomes, which fungi lack since they have different cell walls (made of chitin) and are eukaryotes with different cellular machinery.
Redi challenged spontaneous generation with his fly experiment, but this scientist used a swan-necked flask to disprove it, also well known for developing pasteurization and early vaccines.
Who is Louis Pasteur?
This bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer, contain teichoic acids, lack an outer membrane, and stain purple in the Gram stain
What are Gram-positive bacteria?
(Extra 50 points if you know the characteristics of a Gram-negative)
This english scientist was the first to use the term "cell" after observing cork under a more advanced microscope, fungal hyphae and spores: His work laid the foundation for modern cell theory.
Who is Robert Hooke?
This bacterium causes leprosy and prefers cooler parts of the body like the skin, nose, and extremities(Gram-positive, rod-shaped)
What is Mycobacterium leprae?
This protozoan pathogen infects cats and can cause serious birth defects if a pregnant woman is infected.
What is Toxoplasma gondii?
Linnaeus’s system in 1735 to Whittaker’s five-kingdom model, this scientist revolutionized taxonomy by using rRNA sequencing to propose the three-domain system: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Who is Carl Woese?
This is the most critical step in the Gram stain, because it differentiates Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria by removing the dye from some cells, but not others.
What is decolorization
A bacterial cell that has a thick peptidoglycan layers and no outer membrane, unlike their counterparts which have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.
What are Gram-positive cells?
This friendly bacterium is found in the gut, mouth, and other areas. This bacterium also helps prevent yeast infections, and is used to make yogurt and cheese.(Gram-positive, rod-shaped)
What is Lactobacillus?
This flagellated protozoan attacks the small intestines and causes diarrhea, commonly spread by contaminated water
What is Giardia?
This book, first published in 1923, helped scientists identify and classify bacteria.
What is Bergey's Manual?
These stains help scientists see tough spores(green stain), thin flagella(multiple stains), slimy capsules(stained background), and waxy acid-fast bacteria by coloring or highlighting these special structures.
(Identify all four different types of stains)
What are the spore stain, flagella stain, capsule stain, and acid-fast stain?
These cellular structures, made of protein and RNA, are the sites of protein synthesis and differ in size between prokaryotes (70S) and eukaryotes (80S).
What are ribosomes?
This Gram-positive cocci lives on your skin and in your nose and can cause boils, food poisoning, and serious infections like MRSA.
What is Staphylococcus aureus?
This 'brain-eating' amoeba causes a rare brain infection, and another amoeba can cause eye infections.
What are Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba?
These four criteria, developed in 1884 , were used by Robert Koch to prove that bacteria cause specific diseases.
(Extra 50 points if you know the four criteria)
What is Koch's Postulates?
In this staining method, Crystal Violet stains all cells purple, the second step uses a mordant to fix the dye, the third removes the dye from some bacteria, and the fourth applies a pink counterstain to color those that lost it.
What are the remaining steps to complete the Gram stain procedure, in the correct order
What is Iodine(mordant), Decolorizer(alcohol), Safranin(Counterstain)?
These intracellular structures act as energy or nutrient reserves in bacteria and can store substances like phosphate, glycogen, lipids (like PHB), or sulfur.
What are storage granules/inclusions?
This Gram-negative, aquatic bacterium lives in protozoa, and can causes a serious lung infection often linked to air conditioning systems in old buildings.
What is Legionella pneumophila?
These organisms lack chlorophyll, do not photosynthesize, are heterotrophic saprophytes that decompose organic material, and include pathogen-containing groups like Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Microsporidia.
What is fungi?