Antibiotic Resistance
What is drug resistance?
It is the response in which microbes begin to tolerate drug doses that would ordinarily be inhibitory or deadly
What are some immune system responsibilities?
Surveillance, recognition, and destruction of ANYTHING foreign that invades our tissues: bacteria, viruses, fungi, allergens, metals, plant toxins etc.
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
What is the basic host pathogen terminology?
contact
colonization
infection
disease
What is the difference between an allergy and an allergen?
allergy = an exaggerated or altered immune- or inflammatory response
allergen = antigen that stimulates allergic response
How Do Bacteria Develop Resistance?
Mutation and horizontal gene transfer
Give an example of first, second, and third line defense.
First - physical and chemical barriers
Second - phagocytosis, inflammation
Third - B and T cells
When clonal deletion happens is it dependent on antigen?
Occurs independent of antigen
What is a pathogen?
A microbe capable of causing infection and disease
What is the Rh factor?
Another blood antigen present in 85% of individuals,
absent in 15%
How does natural selection relate to antibiotic resistance?
After taking antibiotics the antibiotics kills off the weak bacteria and the stronger bacteria or the harmful bacteria and they reproduce with the more favorable traits.
What is the difference between and innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity exists before infection (inborn), similar between individuals, generic/non-specific response to foreign substances.
Adaptive immunity develops in response to infection, is different between individuals, highly specialized response to particular foreign substance.
What is immune tolerance?
the state of non-reactivity to self-antigens
What is virulence?
relative severity of a disease a microbe can cause;
magnitude of harm a microbe is capable of causing
Examples of type II hypersensitivities?
massive hemolysis, debris blocks tubular structures in body, kidney failure, systemic shock
What is a superinfection?
infection by a resistant
opportunistic pathogen as a result of
killing off other normal microbiota
Where can colonization occur?
GI tract
Respiratory Tract
Urogenital Tract
What are examples of professional phagocytes?
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Macrophage
Examples of virulence factors.
multiply faster
hide from immune system of host
spread quicker to new hosts
attach to host cells
cause damage to host
invade deeper into host tissue, etc.
What if baby is Rh- and mom is Rh+?
Baby can get hemolytic anemia
How else do we combat bacterial infections?
Immune system
Vaccines
Probiotics
Public health measures
New antibiotic development/discovery (Teixobactin)
Phage therapy
What does the lymphatic system do?
Drains WBCs from tissues
“communication” of foreign threats
returns extracellular fluid to circulation
What is the progression of adaptive immune response?
-Inflammatory event
-Macrophages, dendritic cells capture
and process antigen (some free
antigen gets into lymph
-Travel to lymph node to present
antigen to T and B cells
- B and T cell activation
-proliferation
What is the infectious dose?
The average number of organisms (or virions) required to cause infection
What are some theories for WHY autoimmune diseases arise?
Forbidden clones
Sequestered antigen
Microbiome
Persistent viral infection
Molecular mimicry