Chapter 7/8
This principle describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. What is it called?
What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
This term describes an antibiotic’s ability to harm bacteria without seriously harming the human host. What is this concept called?
What is selective toxicity?
This process destroys all microbial life, including bacterial endospores. What is it called?
What is sterilization?
This type of immunity responds quickly and non-specifically to pathogens, but does not create memory cells. What is it called?
What is innate immunity?
This adaptive immune response happens faster and stronger after a second exposure to the same pathogen because memory cells are already present. What is it called?
What is the secondary immune response?
This operon is activated when lactose is present and glucose is low, making it the classic model for gene regulation in bacteria. What is it called?
What is the lac operon?
This type of antibiotic kills bacteria directly instead of only slowing their growth. What is it called?
What is a bactericidal antibiotic?
This heat treatment reduces microbial numbers in food and drinks without completely sterilizing them. What is it called?
What is pasteurization?
This enzyme found in tears, saliva, and sweat breaks down bacterial cell walls as part of the innate immune system. What is it called?
What is lysozyme?
This branch of adaptive immunity involves B cells and the production of antibodies against extracellular pathogens. What is it called?
What is humoral immunity?
This process allows bacteria to exchange genetic material directly through a pilus connection between two cells. What is this type of horizontal gene transfer?
What is conjugation?
The overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to this major global problem where bacteria no longer respond to treatment. What is it called?
What is antibiotic resistance?
This term describes the time required to kill 90% of a microbial population at a certain condition or temperature. What is it called?
What is decimal reduction time (D value)?
These helpful microorganisms protect the body by competing with pathogens, producing vitamins, and stimulating the immune system. What are they called?
What is the normal microbiota (normal microflora)?
This small specific region of an antigen is recognized and bound by immune receptors or antibodies. What is it called?
What is an epitope?
This type of mutation shifts the reading frame of a gene by adding or deleting nucleotides, often changing every amino acid after the mutation. What is it called?
What is a frameshift mutation?
This major group of antibiotics, including penicillin, targets bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with peptidoglycan formation. What are they called?
What are β-lactam drugs?
These filters are commonly used in hospitals and laboratories to remove microorganisms from air. What are they called?
What are HEPA filters?
This process occurs when immune cells engulf and digest pathogens or debris. What is this process called?
What is phagocytosis?
These activated B cells act as antibody factories during the immune response. What are they called?
What are plasma cells?
These mutants survive and grow in the presence of antibiotics, making them useful in direct selection experiments. What are they called?
What are antibiotic-resistant mutants?
This laboratory test uses antibiotic disks on agar to determine whether bacteria are sensitive, intermediate, or resistant to antibiotics. What is this test called?
What is the Kirby-Bauer test?
These forms of radiation kill microbes mainly by damaging DNA and producing free radicals. Name one type.
What are X-rays or gamma (γ) rays?
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four classic signs of this immune response. What is it called?
What is inflammation?
These immune cells kill virus-infected or abnormal body cells by recognizing antigens presented on MHC I molecules. What are they called?
What are cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells)?