Viruses
Why are viruses not included in the “tree of life” as cellular organisms are?
Because they are acellular, lack true metabolism, and require a host cell to reproduce.
TRUE OR FALSE: Glycolysis cannot occur in an anaerobic environment.
FALSE
What is a name for the cycle resulting in the conversion of a two-carbon acetyl to one ATP, two CO2, one FADH2, and three NADH molecules?Extra points to name all three
Krebs cycle
tricarboxylic acid cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
What is the process called where majority of the ATP is generated?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Where does cellular respiration take place for eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
(eukaryotes): Glycolysis- cytoplasm, mitochondrial matrix &
(prokaryotes): Glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle = cytoplasm
ETC= Plasma Membrane
The capsid protein subunits that interlock to form the capsid are called:
Capsomeres
What is the alternative pathway that breaks down glucose in some microbes?
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
What intermediate condensates with acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle?
oxaloacetate
Where does the ETC take place?
inner mitochondria membrane
What are autotrophs? Name a difference between photoautotrophs & chemoautotrophs
can produce their own food, use materials from inorganic sources
The component(s) of a virus that is/are extended from the envelope for attachment is/are the:
Spikes
What is the total net ATP molecules produced in glycolysis?
2 ATP PER glucose
4 ATP
Where does substrate- level phosphorylation take place?
Conversion of succinyl-CoA to Succinate
What is the net ATP molecules produced in the ETC?
28-30 ATP MOLECULES
TRUE OR FALSE: Competitive inhibitors bind to allosteric sites.
FALSE
What infectious agents do not have nucleic acid?
Prions
Where does substrate-level Phosphorylation occur in Glycolysis?
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to 3 phosphoglycerate
and
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate kinase
What is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction where citrate converts to its isomer isocitrate?
Aconitase
What are the 4 major classes (electron carriers) within the electron transport system?
Flavoproteins, Ubiquinone (quinones), cytochrome oxidase (cytochromes), Iron-sulfur proteins
Name and define 4 classes of enzymes
•Oxidoreductases: transfer electrons from one substrate to another and dehydrogenases transfer a hydrogen from one compound to another.
•Transferases: transfer functional groups from one substrate to another.
•Hydrolases: cleave bonds on molecules with the addition of water.
•Lyases: add groups or remove groups from double-bonded substrates.
•Isomerases: change a substrate to its isomeric form.
•Ligases: catalyze the formation of bonds with the input of ATP and the removal of water.
An enzyme from HIV that can make a copy of DNA from RNA is called _______________________.
Reverse Transcriptase
During glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are consumed and what is the net gain?
During glycolysis, two ATP molecules are consumed and four ATP molecules are produced. There is a net gain of two ATP molecules.
How many carbons are in the compound fumarate?
4
How is water made in the ETC?
The oxygen accepts electrons, combines with hydrogen ions to form the byproduct water
Name the compounds that are reduced and oxidized in cellular respiration.
NAD+= Oxidized form NADH=reduced form
NADP+= oxidized form NADPH= reduced form
FAD= oxidized form FADH2= reduced form