Chapter 5
All viruses are made of what two structures?
Protein capsid
Nucleic acid genome
Dishes being washed with soap and warm water is an example of what type of decontamination?
Sanitization
What enzyme inactivates the drug penicillin but does not affect the drug methicillin?
Beta-lactamase
What type of bacteria when killed releases endotoxin and how would you describe the cell wall?
G- and thin
An enveloped helical virus and an enveloped icosahedral virus can be in what two arrangements?
Spherical or filamentous
When looking at a cell culture (petri dish), lysis or areas of cell death are called what?
Plaques
Destruction or inhibition of vegetative pathogens but not endospores from living tissues is called what? Ex. A nurse washes her hands with antimicrobial soap.
Antisepsis
What class of antibiotics are transpeptidase inhibitors? (not specific)
Beta lactam
What type of transmission uses food to indirectly get to the host?
Vehicle
Cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoan parasite was found in a “sprayground” in NY. This water was being filtered and treated with what chemical that was unsuccessful at killing it?
Chlorine
SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus which means it has a high mutation rate. Which viral enzyme is associated with these mutations?
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
What is one example of “Moist Heat,” steam under pressure, that effectively kills endospores?
Autoclave or home pressure cooker
Patients with HIV are given antiviral “cocktails” to suppress the development of resistance, this is an example of _____ therapy.
Combination
What enzyme allows S. aureus to produce a fibrin “shield” around the bacteria to avoid host phagocytes?
Coagulase
Common antifungal agents known as ____ inhibit ergosterol synthesis and destabilize fungal membranes.
Azoles
HIV uses integrase to recombine the copy of viral DNA into a host chromosome so the virus becomes dormant. This is called what?
Latency
Foods that are sensitive to heat are sterilized using gamma rays that penetrate through objects/layers to damage microbial DNA. This is called what?
Ionizing radiation
Ciprofloxacin binds to an enzyme called DNA gyrase that interferes with what?
DNA synthesis
New cases in a given time are called _____, and total existing cases are called _____.
Incidence; prevalence
Penicillin was known as a ‘miracle drug’. Who was first to isolate penicillin to treat patients?
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
Saquinavir blocks HIV protease enzyme from processing viral preproteins to mature proteins. This describes which step of the 5 steps of viral reproduction?
Assembly
Using this type of “Moist Heat” allows endospores to germinate after cooling and then are killed after another cycle of steam.
Tyndallization
Protein synthesis inhibitors bind to ___ _____ to inhibit translation.
70S ribosomes
A bacteria named Clostridium tetani can cause the disease, tetanus. This disease may cause paralysis in the host, what type of exotoxin is this?
Neurotoxin
Ticks, mosquitos, and fleas are a direct transmitter of disease. How would you describe this type of transmission?
Biological vector