Nutrients
Organic nutrients that can't be created by the organisms and must be provided by the environment is called what?
Growth Factor
What type of environment do methanogens live in?
anaerobic environments that have hydrogen gas and CO2
What is metabolism?
The sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell
What is phenotype and genotype?
phenotype are the physical traits
genotype is the complete genetic makeup
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water
______________________ are required in large amounts by the microorganism and __________________ are required in small amounts.
Macro
Trace/Micro
If an organisms can not tolerate oxygen than it is said to be an _________________________ ________________
obligate anaerobe
During what step of cellular respiration is the most ATP created?
Electron transport chain
What is produced in transcription and translation?
Transcription- MRNA
Translation - protein from strings of amino acids
What is a codon? What is an anti codon?
condon- triplet bases on MRNA that code for amino acids
anti codon- set of bases that correspond to MRNA codons, located on TRNA.
How do photoautotrophs receive their nutrients?
gets carbon from CO2 and sunlight for its energy.
Which type of microorganisms are mostly human pathogens?
mesophiles
What are the 2 main types of fermenation? What are the products of each type?
Lactic acid; lactic acid is created
Alcoholic Fermentation; ethanol and CO2
What is the copying of a cell's DNA called? How is it described?
DNA replication; semi conservative
The changing of a normal codon to a stop codon is termed a _______________________ mutation.
A _________________ mutation is caused by adding or deleting nucleotides so the reading frame changes.
nonsense; frameshift
What type of organisms can use light or organic compounds for energy source.
Photoheterotroph
Describe where extremeophiles live ? Give 3 examples.
Extreme environments;
extreme cold, heat, ph, salt, etc
How many net ATP are produced in cellular respiration?
How many ATP are produced in fermentation?
Which is more efficient?
2
Cellular respiration is more efficient
What is a replication fork? What is the job of DNA helicase?
Where DNA replication starts, DNA is untwisted
Helicase-breaks about nitrogen bases
Describe each of the following;
active transport, diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, facilitated diffusion
active transport- low to high concentration, uses energy
diffusion- high to low concentration; no energy required
osmosis-diffusion of water
endocytosis- uses energy, cell takes in particles from the external env.
How do lithoautotrophs get their energy?
inorganic compounds
Which type of microbe does not require oxygen for its metabolism but can grow in the absence of oxygen?
It Adopts anaerobic metabolism (fermentation) when oxygen is absent
Facultative anaerobe
What are the steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Formation of acetyl co a
Krebs cycle
ETS
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Describe the structure of DNA as well as what DNA is composed of.
Describe how RNA is different than DNA
antiparallel strands; 5'-3' and 3'-5'
composed of a phosphate sugar (deoxyribose) backbone, nitrogenous bases (ATCG) held together by hydrogen bonds.
RNA has uracil instead of thymine, ribose sugar and single stranded
What is a symbiotic relationship? Describe the 3 types.
A relationship where 2 organisms live closely together.
parasitism- one is harmed, one benefits
mutualism- both benefit
commensalism- one benefits, one is neither harmed nor helped