These gram-negative rods are uniquely identifying by their “swarming motility,” which often results in bacterial cultures with unusual appearances.
What is Proteus (P. mirabilis most common)
100
Clinical identification of urethritis involves recognizing these three main symptoms, in the absence of any fever or WBCs/RBCs/organisms in the urine.
What are dysuria, frequency, and urgency
100
There are various causes of obstructions to bladder emptying, which increase susceptibility to infection. Name at least three of these causes.
What are stones, tumors, strictures, pregnancy, prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
100
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, which cause 15% of all nosocomial infections, produce this color pigment on agar.
What is Blue-green pigment
100
Over 90% of urinary tract infections are caused by this many types of bacterial species.
What is 1.
200
These bacteria are particularly capable of enduring highly osmotic environments, such as urine.
What is Enterococcus (E. faecalis)
200
A patient is experiencing dysuria/frequency/urgency and suprapubic pain in the absence of flank pain or fever, and her urine has been found to contain E. coli organisms. This presentation is indicative of this type of UTI.
What is cystitis (urine findings + urinary symptoms, in the absence of flank pain/fever/chills)
200
The urethra of females lies closer to this area, making women more susceptible to UTIs.
What is the perirectal area
200
This is the method employed to ensure a urine specimen uncontaminated as much as possible by normal flora.
“Clean-catch” urine specimen
200
Bacteria causing UTIs usually originate from the normal flora of this system.
Normal gut flora (GI)
300
This type of bacteria causes a small percentage of hospital-acquired UTIs, and along with S. aureus, is more common with hematogenous spread (i.e. UTI following bacteremic dissemination from another infected site).
What is Candida species
300
A patient presents with dysuria/frequency/urgency, urine findings (WBCs/RBCs/bacteria), fever, and flank pain. The presence of all these symptoms is most likely indicative of this type of UTI.
What is pyelonephritis
300
Episodes of recurrent UTIs associated with prolonged antibiotic treatment and caused by the organism responsible for the original infection are referred to as this.
What is relapse
300
Whereas cystitis is an infection of the bladder, and urethritis is an infection of the urethra, pyelonephritis is an infection of these two components of the kidney.
What are the (1) renal pelvis and (2) kidney parenchyma
300
With regard to hospital-acquired UTIs, E. coli is the causative agent in about 40% of cases, while this class of bacteria is the next largest group, representing about 25% of cases.
What are Gram negative opportunistic rods
400
This UTI causing bacteria is also an important cause of primary pneumonia in individuals who are older, alcoholic, or immunocompromised.
What is Klebsiella pneumoniae
400
These elongated structures of WBCs in a proteinaceous matrix are found in the urine and indicate pyelonephritis.
What are leukocyte casts
400
Frequent episodes of UTI that are associated with sexual activity and caused by different bacterial isolates occur by this method.
What is reinfection (prompt voiding after sexual activity and antibiotic prophylaxis is preventative)
400
In addition to its “UPEC” virulence factor, E. coli also utilizes these virulence factors.
⁃ Polysaccharide capsule (anti-phagocytic)
⁃ Hemolysis
⁃ Aerobactin (siderophore; inc. growth in urine)
⁃ Endotoxin (induce pro-inflammatory cytokines)
400
This diagnostic feature separates Staph saprophyticus, an agent that causes 5-15% of UTIs in sexually active young women, from Staph epidermidis.
What is novobiocin resistance
500
Amongst the lactose fermenting GNRs that are UTI agents, these two bacteria are indole (+) and indole (-), respectively.
⁃ E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
What are E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
500
Greater than 80% of all community-acquired UTIs are caused by this type of bacteria.
What is Escherichia coli
500
These act at mucosal surfaces to competitively inhibit the bacterial adhesions and prevent them from attaching and infecting uroepithelial cells. Non-secretion of “these” puts women at a higher risk of UTIs.
What are ABH blood group antigens
500
The UPEC virulence factor of E. coli is an adherence mediated by these cellular features.
What are Pili (UPEC = pili-mediated adherence)
500
The bacterial agent that is second to E. coli as the cause of UTIs contains thie feature, which serves as both an identifying factor and a potent virulence factor.
What is urease production (alkalization and precipitation of calcium/magnesium salts —> formation of kidney stones)