viruses
Virus structure is made up of two components:
Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein shell
bacteria fall into which branch of the tree of life
prokaryotes
Fungi are _____ unlike plants that use photosynthesis
heterotrophs
What disease was the first vaccine used against?
smallpox
The first antibiotic discovered was
penicillin
Name the 2 main viral detection methods:
Molecular tests (nucleic acid tests aka PCR)
Antibody tests (ELISA)
Name the three different oxygen requirement options for bacteria
aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes
most vascular plants could not grow without the symbiotic fungi, or _______, that inhabit their roots and supply essential nutrients.
mycorrhizae
The vaccine components that trigger an immune response are called ____ and they trigger the production of antibodies.
antigen
Broad spectrum and narrow spectrum
Blood, digestive tract, respiratory, genital
Name the three ways bacteria can expand their genetic diversity
transduction, transformation, conjugation
_____ is a mix of a fungi and an algae
lichen
A vaccine that takes the toxin of a pathogen and inactivates it is called
toxoid vaccine
The ability for a bacteria to protect itself against the effects of antibiotics is called
antibiotic resistance
the two unconventional virus types are:
viroids and prions
Gram positive bacteria have a thick ______ wall
peptidoglycan
Most fungi are ________, feeding on dead or decaying material.
saprophytes
A vaccine that takes a single protein from a virus or bacteria and purifies it is called
recombinant sub unit vaccine
Name at least 2 factors that have increased worldwide antibiotic resistance
over-prescription, use in factory farming, globalization, poor sanitation
Name a virus that can stay dormant for years:
chicken pox (VZV), all herpes
A bacterial disease that causes lesions on the skin and historically caused people to be exiled is called:
leprosy
The 4 fungi phyla are
zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, chytridomycota
Influenza uses 2 types of vaccines, name them:
live attenuated (nasal spray) and inactivated
Antibiotic resistance leads to over ____ deaths in the US each year
23,000