Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Which type of cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) is more complex?
Eukaryotic
What types of environments do archea live in?
Extreme environments like very hot, cold, salty
Examples?
Provide an example of how bacteria are used in food production.
Yogurt, cheese, sourdough bread, etc.
True or False: protists are unicellular
True
They are eukaryotic (have nucleus and organelles) but are single-celled organisms
True or False: viruses are living organisms
False
The Kingdoms Archea and Bacteria are examples of which type of cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)?
Prokaryotic
Name one of the three classifications of archea
methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles
Provide one example of how bacteria are helpful in nature.
Recycle dead materials, make nitrogen in the air available to plant roots (nitrogen fixing)
True or False: protists can cause serious infections in the body
True
Examples: malaria, African sleeping sickness
True or False: some viruses are known to cause cancer
True. For example, the HPV virus is known to cause cervical cancer.
Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles. They therefore lack c____________.
Compartmentalization
Types of bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen are called?
Anaerobic
Describe fetal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
Transplanting fecal matter and microbes from a healthy donor into patients to replenish their gut microbiomes.
Provide an example of how fungi are helpful in everyday life.
Penicillin is derived from fungi.
Yeast (a fungus) is used to leaven bread
Explain why viruses have target cells in target species
Viruses must recognize the surface of cells in order to infect it. Different types of cells 'look' different on the surface.
This is the name of the theory that describes how eukaryotic cells were developed. A cell that contained a nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum engulfed a bacteria, and eventually evolved into an animal cell.
Endosymbiotic theory
Describe how bacteria undergo asexual reproduction.
Binary fission (two identical cells are produced)
Describe how having a healthy microbial community contributes to good health.
Some protists can photosynthesize. Explain why this is helpful to humans.
Protists that photosynthesize, such as algae, supplied a large amount of the Earth's oxygen supply
Explain how a virus can 'jump' species.
A mutation in the virus' DNA causes it to have a new surface shape and allows it to attach to cells from other species
Provide one piece of evidence for endosymbiotic theory.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have:
- membranes similar to prokaryotes
- contain their own DNA
- reproduce within the cell by binary fission before cell division occurs
- Have ribosomes and other cell parts similar to prokaryotes
Describe how cells undergo sexual reproduction.
Conjugation - a circular piece of DNA that contains instructions for surviving in a chemical is copied and transferred to another bacteria cells through a pillus
Describe how the ability of bacteria to survive in the presence of antibiotics affect treatment of diseases in humans.
As bacteria gain resistance to antibiotics, chemicals become less effective at killing bacteria/treating infections. Stronger chemicals are required and the cycle continues.
A unique characteristic of fungi is that they use "extracellular digestion". Explain what this means.
Fungi release digestive enzymes outside of the cell, which digest the food. Then the fungus absorbs the nutrients.