The skin and mucus membranes, GI tract, and external eye (lids and conjunctiva) are colonized with this.
What is normal, non-pathogenic biota?
100
Small proteins, lipopolysaccharides of the cell wall.
What is exotoxins versus endotoxins?
100
Fomites, air, food, water, and soil.
What are indirect transmitters of disease?
100
An outbreak of digestive disease caused by a bad batch of potato salad at a picnic.
What is a point-source outbreak?
200
The sterile fluids in your body.
What is cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and urine (in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder)?
200
Extremes in age, underlying disease states, and surgery.
What are factors that weaken host defenses?
200
Infections in the urinary tract
What is the most common health-care associated (nosocomial) infection?
200
If Gainesville, GA has a failure of its water treatment plant and many people drink that water are infected by cholera.
What is a common-source outbreak?
300
Normal biota exist in a established relationship with the host and are unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes. Antagonistic protection is the result of a limited number of attachment sites in the host, which are occupied by normal biota. Antagonism is augmented by chemical/physiological environment created by the resident biota.
What is microbial antagonism?
300
It spreads to several sites and tissue fluids via the bloodstream, nerves, or cerebrospinal fluid.
What is a systemic infection?
300
10%
What is the percentage of healthcare workers pierced by sharps/contaminated instruments?
Coughing, sneezing, urine, blood removal, bleeding from a wound, and feces.
What are major portals of exit of infectious diseases from the host's body?
400
(1) Find evidence of a particular microbe in each case of the disease (2) Isolate the proposed microbe from an infected subject and a pure culture, then characterize it (3) Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate and observe the same resultant from the disease (4) Isolate the proposed agent from the inoculated subject.
These are essential in the study of infection and disease and determining the precise etiologic, or causative, agent.
What are Koch's Postulates?
400
Increased flooding can increase contamination from animal vectors, such as leptospirosis from domestic animals; increased arthropod vectors, such as mosquitos can bring malaria; and an increase in tropical helminths in North America
Why will global warming cause an increase in certain diseases in North America?
500
(1) Correct portal of entry
(2) Adhesion to a host tissue
(3) Virulence
(4) Host genetic basis of non-specific defenses
(5) Previous exposure of host to invader, specific/adaptive immunity
What is the order of events leading to acquisition of an infectious disease by a host?
500
The pattern of transmission of a disease from a parent to an offspring.
What is vertical transmission?
500
Secreted enzymes destroy specific tissues; specific secreted proteins bind to specific tissue targets; outer membrane proteins cause fever, aches, and shock; and microbes sometimes induce an over-reaction of the host defenses via excessive inflammation.
Why do microbes cause tissue damage?
500
The introduction of streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli by vaginal delivery and breast feeding.