Taxonomy
What are the 7 taxonomic groups of classificiation?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What does prokaryotic mean?
No nucleus (or membrane bound organelles)
Give 2 examples of how we prevent infection
autoclaves: sterilization of surgical equipment by extreme heat
protective clothing: masks, gowns, gloves
antiseptics: chemicals that kill bacteria (ex: alcohol, Lysol, etc)
air filtration: in operating rooms
extermination: kill animals that are carrying the disease
They have chloroplast (photosynthesis = autotrophs)
Why do viruses not fit in the 6 kingdoms?
They do not have the characteristics of living things
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, archaea, protists
The cells divide using binary fission. The new cells have identical genetic information as the parent cells.
What part of the bacteria do antibiotic target?
The cell wall
What are 2 things that plants and fungi have in common?
Eukaryotes
have cell walls
anchored in soil
reproduce sexually or asexually
Capsid (protein) and Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Ursus americanus is the scientific name for a black bear. What level of classification does Ursus mean? americanus?
Ursus = genus
americanus = species
Archaea are bacteria that survive under extreme conditions. Give an example of an archaea and explain where it lives.
Thermophiles - extreme heat
Methanogens - swamps, no O2
Halophiles - salty enviro’s
Explain the process of how the antibiotic, penecilin, was discovered.
Alexander Fleming (1929) - he cultured bacteria on agar
- mould contaminated his plates
- Zone of inhibition (dead bacteria) formed around the mold
What do fungi use to reproduce?
Spores
Explain the lytic cycle (hint: shorter word = shorter process)
1. virus attaches to a host cell
2. injects its genetic material (RNA or DNA)
3. uses the host's resources to produce many copies of itself
4. causing the host cell to rupture (die)
Of the 7 levels of classification, which taxon is the most similar and and can mate?
Species
Explain the difference between a heterotroph and an autotroph
Heterotroph = eats to get nutrients
Autotroph = makes own nutrients using photosynthesis
How is antibiotic resistance based from one bacteria to another?
Sexually = through conjugation
Asexually = through binary fission
What is the function of the contractile vacuole in protists?
collects and removes water
Explain the lysogenic cycle (hint = longer word = longer process)
1. viral genetic material integrating into the host's
DNA remaining dormant
2. It can later trigger a shift to the lytic cycle. (uses host resources to make copies of its self and causes the host to rupture and die)
What do protists, bacteria, fungi, and archaea all have in common?
They are all micro-organisms (they all can be single cellular)
Give 2 examples of how bacteria can be helpful
- Nitrogen Fixation: Converts N2 to the more useful NO3
- Decompose Matter
- Waste Management
- Sewage Treatment
How does antibiotic resistance happen?
Antibiotic resistance develops from genetic variations within a bacterial population
After first exposure to an antibiotic:
Weaker strains of bacteria are killed
Stronger antibiotic resistant strains survive and pass their resistance to the next generation
How do ameoba eat and move?
How do euglena move?
How do paramecium move?
Ameoba = Use pseudopods (arm like projections that extend out)
Euglena = use flagella
Paramecium = use cilia
What are the 2 ways a virus can put its genetic information into the cell?
1. Inject it
2. the whole virus enters the cell