General
It is the totality of microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and their collective genetic material present in the GI tract?
What is the gut microbiome?
In addition to the mother, it is the other source of microbiota.
These cells in the gut are able to recognize pattern-recognition receptors and respond to pathogenic microbes.
What are epithelial cells?
Antibiotics mainly affect these three aspects of the gut microbiome
What are diversity, number of species (species richness), and a balanced number of each species (species evenness)?
A waterborne pathogen that, if ingested, can result in severe diarrhea, massive water loss, and possible death within 2-3 days
What is V. cholerae?
Genetic, diet, drugs
What are modifiers?
About three years of age
When is a typical adult-like gut microbiota established?
This type of immune cell increases gut microbial diversity, which then in turn increases variability of the cells.
What are antibodies (mainly IgA)?
The development of this inflammatory disease has been shown to positively correlate with antibiotic treatment in early childhood and decrease in specific bacterial species in the gut.
An informal medical condition in which the contents of your intestines leak into your bloodstream through loosened cell junctions, resulting in chronic inflammation, changes in gut microflora, and digestive and GI issues.
What is leaky gut syndrome?
There are about 1014 of them in the GI tract, which is about 10 times more bacterial cells than the number of human cells and over 100 times the amount of genomic content as the human genome.
What are microorganisms?
It is the alteration in microbial community that results in decreased diversity and numbers of commensal bacteria.
What is dysbiosis?
This type of cell releases cytokines in response to microbes, which then leads to inflammation and possibly an autoimmune response.
This bacteria is an example of a harmful pathogen that causes gut inflammation and is known to proliferate after antibiotic treatment
The gut microbiome is essential to break down this vital nutrient found breast
What are glycans?
Bacteriome, virome, mycobiome
What are main components of the human gut microbiome?
It occurs before birth, during lactation, and results in dominance of the gut microbiota by Bifidobacterium.
What is the first transition?
What are regulatory T cells?
Most of the gut microbiome returns to normal after antibiotic treatment in about 4 weeks, but full recovery (diversity, numbers) can take this amount of time.
What is about 6 months, but possibly years, or never?
In a disrupted microbiome, this dietary macromolecule can provide a protective role against the degradation of the mucosal layer
Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria
What are the found main phyla?
It is a "friendly" bacteria that is more abundant in breastfed infants compared to formula-fed infants.
What is Bifidobacteria?
This is the term for microbes in the gut that limit the ability of pathogens to proliferate through competition for space and nutrients.
What are commensals?
The gut microbiome plays a role in regulating the metabolism, and so antibiotic treatment is associated with these metabolic disorders.
What are metabolic syndrome in obese individuals (and weight gain in general) and Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
Usually digested by bacteria in the gut containing ɑ-galactosidase, this trisaccharide often found in beans is not easily digested in the stomach, resulting in bloating, cramping, and flatulence
What is raffinose?