Deficiency
Infants are prone to deficiency of this vitamin due to their sterile gut microbiome
What is Vitamin K?
Because these vitamins (group) are stored in the liver and adipose tissue, chronic excessive intake can accumulate and potentially lead to liver toxicity or liver disease.
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
Bone mineral crystals that consists largely of calcium phosphate crystals in this form.
What is Hydroxyapatite?
This vitamin is critical for sythesizing coenzyme A
What is Pantothenic acid?
This hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood volume from dehydration
What is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
This vitamin is critical for heme synthesis and deficiency can cause anemia
Whats is vitamin B6?
This deficiency disease, caused by inadequate thiamin intake, may lead to weakness, neuropathy, edema, and impaired cardiovascular function.
What is Beriberi?
The first hydroxylation step in activating vitamin D occurs in this organ
What is the liver?
Deficiency of this vitamin causes megaloblastic anemia AND neurological symptoms.
What is Vitamin B12?
These 2 vitamins have the highest risk of toxicity
What are Vitamins A & D?
These bone forming cells promote mineralization of new bone tissue.
What are osteoblasts?
This vitamin is required for synthesizing PLP which is required in transamination and the synthesis of all non-essential amino acids
What is Vitamin B6?
The abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid caused by excess sodium
What is Edema?
This vitamin is necessary in blood clotting
What is Vitamin K?
This condition, caused by severe vitamin A deficiency, results in dry eyes, corneal damage, and can progress to blindness.
What is Xerophthalmia?
In the retina, Vitamin A binds to opsin protein to form this light-sensitive visual pigment
What is rhodopsin?
Petechiae, bleeding gums, and poor collagen synthesis suggest deficiency of this vitamin.
What is Vitamin C?
A condition defined by severe elevation of blood sodium concentration and can lead to confusion, seizures, and coma
What is hypernatremia?
This hormone increases renal calcium reabsorption and stimulates calcitriol production.
What is Parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
This main niacin-derived coenzyme shuttles electrons to the ETC in energy metabolism
What is NAD+?
The majority of body water is found in this compartment
What is intracellular?
This trace mineral is required for iron transport by helping load iron onto transferrin.
Whats is copper?
This B vitamin deficiency disease is associated with the 4 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death
What is Pellagra?
Vitamin B12 needs to bind with this protein for absorption in the ileum
What is Intrinsic Factor?
In children, inadequate mineralization of growing bones due to vitamin D deficiency—even when calcium intake is adequate—can lead to this skeletal disorder.
What is Rickets?
Hair loss, brittle nails, and garlic breath may indicate toxicity of this mineral.
What is Selenium?
This vitamin supports bone health by helping synthesize collagen, the structural protein that forms the organic matrix of bone and is required for hydroxylation reactions in synthesizing calcitriol
What is Vitamin C?
This trace mineral enhances insulin signaling and may improve glucose uptake.
What is chromium?
The passive movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
What is osmosis?
This trace mineral is strongly associated with impaired wound healing, poor immunity, and loss of taste when deficient.
What is zinc?
This disease is characterized by involuntary muscle spasms that may occur when blood calcium is very low
What is Tetany?
This vitamin-like essential nutrient is needed to form VLDLs, and is needed to synthesize the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
What is choline?
This iodine deficiency disorder is characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland due to increased TSH stimulation.
What is a goiter?
High doses of this vitamin can interfere with vitamin K and its role in clotting and cause frequent nose bleeds.
What is Vitamin E?
This is the most biologically active form of vitamin E and protects cells from free radical damage
What is alpha-tocopherol?
This vitamin is required for decarboxylation reactions in energy metabolism and is often derived in TPP.
What is Thiamin?
This organ is the major regulator of fluid balance
What are the kidneys?
Polyphenols in beverages like red wine, tea, and coffee may reduce absorption of this mineral when consumed with meals.
What is non-heme iron?
Microcytic anemia can be caused by what two micronutrients?
What are iron and Vitamin B6?
During muscle contraction, calcium ions allow interactions between these two contractile proteins
What are actin and myosin?