From the definition to the word
They are single-Celled eukaryotes, found in soil and water. their role is basically the one of nutrient recycling, part of the food chain
protozoa
What are microbes?
a) Large multicellular organisms
b) Invisible organisms, often single-celled
c) Only harmful bacteria
d) Viruses only
b) Invisible organisms, often single-celled
What are the five main groups of microbes, and can you provide one example for each?
The five main groups of microbes are: 1) Bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli), 2) Fungi (e.g., yeast), 3) Protozoa (e.g., amoeba), 4) algae (e.g., Chlorella), and 5) Viruses (e.g., influenza virus).)
binary fission
Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction commonly used by prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria, to reproduce and replicate. In this process, a single organism divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
I microbi, che includono batteri, funghi, protozoi, microalghe e virus, sono organismi microscopici che si trovano in una vasta gamma di ambienti, come il suolo, l'acqua e l'aria, e sono fondamentali per la vita sulla Terra.
Microbes, which include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and viruses, are microscopic organisms found in a wide range of environments, such as soil, water, and air, and are essential for life on Earth
They are long, whip-like structures that protrude from the surface of some cells, primarily prokaryotic cells like bacteria. They serve as locomotor appendages, enabling the movement of the cell through its environment.write also the singular form
Flagella, Flagellum
What role do antibiotics play in modern medicine?
a) They are only used for treating viral infections.
b) They prevent the growth of bacteria and are crucial for various medical procedures.
c) They promote the growth of bacteria in food animals.
d) They are used only in agricultural practices.
b) They prevent the growth of bacteria and are crucial for various medical procedures.
What is cilia?
tiny hairs that line the surfaces of certain cells and beat in rhythmic waves, helping microorganisms to move
Virus definition and its structure
envelope, protein coat, Nuclei acid, spikes
A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses are considered acellular (not composed of cells) and are fundamentally different from other microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi
Alcuni microbi possono essere dannosi per la salute umana e animale, poiché agiscono come patogeni in grado di causare malattie gravi, come la tubercolosi, la difterite e altre infezioni potenzialmente letali.
Some microbes can be harmful to human and animal health, as they act as pathogens capable of causing serious diseases, such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, and other potentially lethal infections.
it is a specialized type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms, leading to the formation of gametes—sperm and eggs in animals. It results in four genetically diverse daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number of the original cell
meiosis
In which field are antibiotics excessively used, contributing to resistance issues?
a) Pharmaceuticals
b) Agriculture
c) Biotechnology
d) Food production
b) Agriculture
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of microbes?
Advantages of microbes include their crucial roles in oxygen production, nitrogen fixation, decomposition of organic matter, and support of the food chain. Disadvantages include their potential to cause diseases and spoil food.
Superbugs
Superbugs are strains of bacteria that have become resistant to multiple antibiotics, making them particularly difficult to treat. The term is often used to refer to bacteria that have developed resistance to a broad range of antibiotic treatments, rendering many traditional antibiotics ineffective.
Le cellule procariote, come quelle dei batteri, sono generalmente più piccole e più semplici rispetto alle cellule eucariote, che contengono un nucleo e vari organelli, rendendole più complesse e capaci di svolgere funzioni più avanzate.
Prokaryotic cells, like those of bacteria, are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus and various organelles, making them more complex and capable of performing more advanced functions.
This bacterium is notable for its ability to break down certain types of plastics, such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate), which is commonly used in plastic bottles and containers.
Ideonella sakaiensis.
What is one of the main challenges in developing new antibiotics?
a) The low profitability and high costs associated with their development b) The availability of natural resources c) The simplicity of the bacteria
d) The availability of new technologies
a) The low profitability and high costs associated with their development
What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. They reproduce mainly through binary fission. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, containing a nucleus and organelles, and reproduce through mitosis or meiosis
Temperature-Based Groups for microorganisms
Psychrophiles: Cold temperatures (-5°C to 15°C).
Mesophiles: Moderate temperatures (25°C to 45°C).
Thermophiles: High temperatures (45°C to 70°C).
Hyperthermophiles: Very high temperatures (70°C to 110°C).
Il processo di fissione binaria è un metodo di riproduzione asessuata utilizzato dai batteri, che consente loro di replicarsi rapidamente in condizioni favorevoli, portando a una crescita esponenziale della popolazione batterica in breve tempo.
The process of binary fission is an asexual reproduction method used by bacteria, allowing them to replicate quickly under favorable conditions, leading to exponential growth of the bacterial population in a short time.
Name the FIVE parts of a eukaryotic cell
cell membrane, golgi apparatus, nucleus with nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes
Where can we potentially find new sources of antibiotics?
a) Only in synthetic labs b) Only from animal sources
c) In developed pharmaceuticals only d) In nature, including microbes and fungi
d) In nature, including microbes and fungi
What potential solutions exist for finding new antibiotics, and what challenges do researchers face in developing these solutions?
Potential solutions include exploring natural sources like microbes and fungi, using phages to target bacteria, and developing vaccines. Challenges include the low profitability of antibiotics, inadequate funding for research, and the need for new strategies to combat resistance while ensuring the sustainable use of new drugs
definition for these concepts:
COCCUS, BACILLUS, VIBRIO, SPIROCHETE, SPIRILLUM
shapes of bacteria.
COCCUS: SPHERICAL
BACILLUS: RODLIKE
VIBRIO: COMMA SHAPED
SPIROCHETE: WAVY
SPIRILLUM: CORKSCREW
Le infezioni causate da super batteri rappresentano una seria minaccia per la salute pubblica, poiché molte di queste infezioni sono resistenti ai trattamenti antibiotici disponibili, rendendo difficile il loro trattamento e aumentando i costi sanitari per i sistemi sanitari di tutto il mondo.
Infections caused by superbugs represent a serious threat to public health, as many of these infections are resistant to available antibiotic treatments, making them difficult to treat and increasing healthcare costs for healthcare systems around the world