CATEGORY 1: ORIGINS & MIGRATION
What is the name for the movement of people from one place to another?
Migration
Which American Indian group lived along the Texas coast and relied heavily on fishing?
Karankawa
What is an adaptation?
A change or adjustment that helps people survive or meet their needs in an environment.
What is a government?
A system used to organize a group and make decisions.
What is culture?
A group’s language, beliefs, customs, traditions, and way of life.
What land bridge theory suggests that early people migrated from Asia to North America?
Beringia (land bridge) theory
Which group lived in central Texas and grew corn, beans, and squash?
Jumano
What resource did many Plains tribes depend on for food, clothing, tools, and shelter?
Bison
What two types of chiefs were part of Comanche government?
War chiefs and peace chiefs
What is trade?
The exchange of goods, resources, or information between people or groups.
What evidence do archaeologists study to learn how people lived in the past?
Artifacts
Which tribe lived in the Plains region and depended heavily on bison?
Comanche
What method did some tribes use to bring water to farmland?
Irrigation
How was the Caddo government organized?
The Caddo consisted of multiple tribes and had chiefs, elders, councils, and ceremonial leaders.
Name three crops grown by groups such as the Caddo and Jumano.
Corn, beans, and squash
Why do historians consider multiple theories about how the first people arrived in the Americas?
Because historians use evidence to develop and evaluate explanations, and evidence may not answer every question.
Compare the environments of the Caddo and Karankawa.
The Caddo lived near fertile river valleys and practiced agriculture. The Karankawa lived along the coast and relied on fishing, hunting, and coastal resources.
Why did southeastern Texas support permanent settlements?
Rivers provided fertile soil, water, transportation, and resources for farming and trade.
How did the Lipan Apache government differ from the Comanche government?
Lipan Apache family units were led by important family members and did not have a chief. Comanche bands had chiefs, including war and peace chiefs.
Why was trade important to American Indian groups in Texas?
Trade allowed groups to exchange resources, goods, tools, food, and information that they needed.
Explain how migration and environmental conditions influenced where American Indian groups settled in Texas.
Groups migrated for different reasons and adapted to available resources, such as fertile soil, rivers, bison, and coastal food sources.
Explain how geography contributed to differences between the Caddo and Comanche ways of life.
The Caddo’s fertile environment supported agriculture and permanent settlements, while the Plains environment encouraged the Comanche to follow seasonal resources and hunt bison.
Explain how the environment influenced the Karankawa’s transportation and housing.
Their coastal environment supported travel by dugout canoe. Their mobile homes could be transported and set up as they moved to follow resources.
Why might different tribes develop different government structures? Use evidence from the readings.
Government structures reflected each tribe’s needs, population, lifestyle, and organization. For example, permanent Caddo settlements supported organized leadership, while Lipan Apache family units relied on important family members for guidance.
Explain how the Caddo’s location and settlement patterns supported their economy.
The Caddo lived near rivers and fertile soil, which supported farming. Permanent settlements and river transportation helped them develop trade networks.