Epithelium
What mode of secretion involves part of a cell being released? Provide an example.
Apocrine - mammary
What muscles are involved in thermoregulation in the testis?
Cremaster and dartos
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Red bone marrow
Thymus
What is the pedigree pattern of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive?
Autosomal dominant: vertical pedigree pattern
Autosomal recessive: horizontal pedigree pattern
What is the function of albumin in blood plasma?
Maintains osmotic pressure
Acts as a carrier protein
What is a myoepithelial cell? Describe its function.
Contractile epithelial cells which help squeeze product along. (not muscle cells!!)
How long can an ovum and sperm survive in the female reproductive tract respectively?
Ovum survives ~1 day after ovulation.
Sperm can survive ~3 days in the female reproductive tract.
Which enzyme regulates endogenous cholesterol synthesis?
HMG-CoA reductase
Contrast haploinsufficiency and dominant negative mutations.
Haploinsufficiency: single functional copy is unable to produce enough gene product for normal phenotype
dominant negative mutations: one mutated gene antagonises the normal protein function
What 3 things regulate stroke volume?
Preload
Contractility
afterload
What are demilunes and where are they located?
Half moon shaped groups of serous cells in salivary glands.
What is the function of ABP?
Androgen-Binding Protein binds and concentrates testosterone within seminiferous tubules to ensure local high levels essential for spermatogenesis.
Which vitamin is a cofactor for the transamination reactions that interconvert various amino acids, such as alanine and pyruvate?
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
What is genetic heterogeneity, and what are the two types?
Single phenotype may be caused by any one of a multiple number of mutations in the genes.
Allelic: mutation in same gene
Locus: mutation in different gene
What type of capillary would you expect to find in endocrine glands or the kidney glomeruli, and why?
Fenestrated capillaries: because their pores (fenestrations) allow for rapid exchange of substances
Compare appearance, location, and secretions of apocrine and eccrine sweat glands.
Apocrine: Larger diameter and lumen, deeper, Axilla and genitalia, attached to hair follicles, Thick, odorless fluid
Eccrine: Smaller diameter and lumen, more superficial, Everywhere, Watery fluid
Describe how progesterone only pills work?
Constant progesterone → brain “thinks it’s pregnant.” Negatively feeds back to hypothalamus
↓ GnRH → ↓ FSH & LH → no follicular development or ovulation.
Thickens cervical mucus → sperm blocked.
Thins endometrium → prevents implantation.
Name the major lymphatic trunks and where does it drain lymph fluid from?
Intestinal
receives chyle (lymph mixed with fats) from the intestines
Lumbar
Legs, pelvic region, and kidneys
Bronchomediastinal
Lungs, heart, trachea, mediastinal, and mammary glands
Subclavian
Armpit and arms
Jugular
Cervical lymph nodes of the neck
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What is mosaicism and chimerism, what is one difference between them, and provide one example of each.
Individuals who have more than one genetically distinct population of cells
Mosaicism: genetically different cells all arise from single zygote; x chromosome inactivation in females
Chimerism: genetically different cells all arise from more than one zygote; fusion of twin embryos/organ or stem cell transplants/maternal-foetal trafficking
What ion channels does Noradrenaline open in nodal cells and contractile cells? What is the effect on each one?
L type Ca2+ channels
Nodal: increased heart rate
Contractile: increased contractile force