Nutrition
In what organ system do cells require a continuous supply of glucose?
nervous
Glomerular filtration produces about__________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours.
180 liters
By what process is water reabsorbed throughout the proximal tubule?
Osmosis
The body of an average adult male is about__________ water by weight.
65%
What is edema?
Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
What vitamin deficiency can cause night blindness?
Vitamin A
Synthesis of vitamin D occurs where?
kidneys
Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate then moves into the__________.
renal/proximal tubule
A decrease in total body water of only__________ will trigger thirst.
1%
How do buffer systems minimize pH changes?
By converting strong acids to weak acids
A negative nitrogen balance results from a net loss of__________.
amino acids
What organ contains the detrusor muscle?
Urinary bladder
The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the__________.
proximal tubule
What is metabolic water?
A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients
What blood pH occurs with the condition called acidosis and alkalosis?
Below 7.35 and Above 7.45
What condition is associated with lack of intrinsic factor and decreased absorption of cyanobalamin?
Pernicious anemia
Compared to plasma and glomerular filtrate, what is the relative concentration of potassium in urine?
Potassium is higher in urine, than plasma.
In which region of the nephron is water actively transported across the membrane?
Collecting duct
Which hormone actions conserve sodium ions and excrete potassium ions in the urine?
Aldosterone
What is the function of a diuretic?
To promote urine production
Intrinsic factor is important in the absorption of__________.
Vitamin B12
Where is the micturition reflex center?
In the sacral segments of the spinal cord
What is an adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule that enhances reabsorption?
Microscopic projections called microvilli
What ions are found in high concentrations in intracellular fluid?
Potassium and phosphate ions
Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents can lead to__________.
metabolic alkalosis