Types of Memory
What is short-term memory?
This type of memory allows you to hold information for a very brief time (just seconds), like remembering a phone number just long enough to dial it.
What is classical conditioning?
This theory suggests that learning occurs through association, like when a dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell.
What is Thinking?
The mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world.
What is operant conditioning?
This learning theory emphasizes rewards and punishments to shape behavior.
The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges.
What is semantic memory?
This type of long-term memory involves recalling facts and knowledge, such as historical dates or vocabulary.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
In classical conditioning, this is the term for a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
What type of mental representations does thinking involve?
Analogical representations & Symbolic representations.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
This psychologist is known for developing the theory of operant conditioning and for the invention of the operant conditioning chamber.
What is language?
A system of communication using sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules.
What is procedural memory?
This memory type helps you recall how to perform tasks like riding a bike or tying your shoes.
The sound of a bell in Pavlov's experiment
This became the conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with food
Shortcuts (rules of thumb or informal guidelines) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions.
What is a variable ratio schedule?
This schedule of reinforcement rewards behavior after an unpredictable number of responses, often used in gambling.
What is Intelligence quotient (IQ)?
An index of intelligence computed by dividing a child’s estimated mental age by the child’s chronological age, then multiplying this number by 100. (Age-normed)
What is encoding?
This is the term for the initial moment when information is taken into the brain for memory processing.
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
This term describes the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus after conditioning has occurred.
Thinking enables us to do:
Decision making and problem solving.
What is negative reinforcement?
In operant conditioning, this type of reinforcement occurs when a behavior increases because something unpleasant is removed.
Where is Wernicke's area located and what system is this area considered to be responsible for?
an area in a region of the left hemisphere in the temporal lobe, involved in the linguistic system and especially, speech comprehension.
What is the serial position effect?
This effect helps people remember the first and last items in a series better than the middle ones.
What is extinction?
This process in classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
What are schemas?
Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, and process information.
What is modeling?
In observational learning, this term refers to the process by which individuals learn behaviors by watching others perform them.
What is the Flynn effect?
The Flynn effect (FE) is a generational phenomenon in which average Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores have been found to increase across time in developed countries at a startlingly consistent rate of approximately 0.33 points per year, or 3.3 points per decade (Flynn, 1984, 1987).