Infant/Toddlerhood
the germinal period, embryonic period, and the fetal period
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
reaches 90% of its adult weight by age 5
What is the brain?
Ability to infer the relationship between A & B by understanding each object's relationship to C
What is transitive inference?
the biological transition to adulthood, in which hormones cause the body to physically mature and permit sexual reproduction
What is puberty?
The ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives
What is Lifespan Human Development?
The second stage of prenatal development, in which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm will develop into all of the major organs of the body
What is embryonic period?
enables the brain to reorganize itself in response to injury
What is plasticity?
these skills refine and combine into more complex abilities (e.g., flexibility, balance, agility, and strength)
What are motor skills?
decided by the interaction of biological and contextual influences (e.g., genes, weight, exposure to stress)
What is pubertal timing?
multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, influenced by multiple contexts, and multidisciplinary
What are the Principles of Lifespan Human Development?
Associated with health benefits for mothers, such as lower rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression
What is breastfeeding?
a cognitive-developmental stage that shows a dramatic leap in the use of symbolic thinking
What is the preoperational reasoning stage?
two major cognitive skills that children acquire in concrete operational stage
What are classification and conservation?
the ability to consider propositions, generate and systematically test hypotheses, and draw conclusions
What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?
The viewpoint that states individuals are molded by the physical and social environment in which they are raised
What is nurture?
the tendency to seek information from caregivers’ emotional expressions to find clues for how to interpret ambiguous or unfamiliar events
What is social referencing?
an important social-cognitive skill that involves the ability to think about their own and other people’s mental processes
What is the theory of mind?
shifts from concrete descriptions of behavior to competencies and personality traits (e.g., popular, smart, good looking)
What is self-concept?
knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind
What is metacognition?
The entity that consists of relations and interactions among microsystems
What is mesosystem?
one of the substages that toddlers engage in mini-experiments and trial-and-error explorations
What are tertiary circular reactions?
3rd psychosocial stage that develops a sense of purpose and takes pride in their accomplishments vs. a belief that it is wrong to be independent
What is initiative vs. guilt?
two patterns of behavior among rejected children
What are aggressive-rejected and withdrawn-rejected?
Kohlberg’s third level of moral reasoning emphasizing autonomous decision making based on principles such as valuing human dignity
What is post-conventional moral reasoning?
one of the first lifespan views of human development; 8 stages of psychosocial development, with each stage presenting a unique developmental task
What is Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?