Gel Electrophoresis
This is the purpose of gel electrophoresis.
What is separating DNA fragments by size and charge?
A spectrophotometer measures this property of a sample.
What is absorbance of light?
The primary purpose of bacterial transformation using GFP?
PCR stands for this.
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction?
BONUS: The color Gram-negative bacteria appear after staining.
What is pink or red?
These type of fragments travel further down the gel vs the type of fragments that stay higher up.
What is smaller sized fragments vs larger sized fragments?
This is what we are trying to determine from a sample by using spectrophotometry.
What is concentration of the sample?
The small, circular DNA molecules often used in transformation
What are plasmids?
The primary purpose of PCR in biotechnology and research.
What is to amplify specific DNA sequences for analysis?
BONUS: If two DNA samples have bands at the same position, this indicates:
What is having the same fragment size?
This tool is run alongside the samples to estimate DNA fragment sizes.
What is a DNA Ladder or Marker?
A sample with high turbidity (cloudiness) will have this kind of absorbance reading.
What is high absorbance?
A successful transformation can be confirmed if bacteria express this visible protein under UV light.
What is green fluorescent protein (GFP)?
These short DNA sequences direct polymerase where to start DNA synthesis.
What are primers?
BONUS: The first stain applied during Gram Staining
What is crystal violet?
This is loaded into the wells along with the DNA sample to help track movement through the gel.
What is Loading Dye?
Skipping this step may lead to incorrect baseline absorbance or inaccurate concentration readings.
What is blanking (or zeroing) the spectrophotometer?
The main purpose of bacterial transformation in biotechnology.
What is to introduce new genes into bacteria for protein production or research?
The first step of PCR, which separates the two DNA strands.
What is denaturation?
BONUS: The reason a slide should not be overheated during heat fixation.
What is it could kill the bacteria?
The reason smaller DNA fragments move faster through the gel than larger ones.
What is less resistance from the gel matrix/are able to travel through pores more easily?
If absorbance readings are too high, this method can be used.
What is serial dilution?
The purpose of adding an antibiotic like ampicillin to agar plates after transformation.
What is selecting for successfully transformed bacteria? (Checking for which ones are resistant or susceptible)
The step where primers bind to complementary DNA sequences.
What is annealing?
BONUS: The formula used to determine the concentration of bacteria in the original sample.
What is (Number of colonies × Dilution Factor) / Volume Plated?