The Renaissance
This wealthy banking family became the unofficial rulers of Florence and sponsored many Renaissance artists.
The Medici Family
his German monk posted the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517.
Martin Luther
European nations searched for sea routes to Asia mainly to gain access to these valuable goods.
Spices
This king broke from the Catholic Church and created the Church of England.
Henry VIII
This scientist proposed that the Sun, not Earth, was the center of the solar system.
Copernicus
his period of “rebirth” began in Italy and focused on art, learning, and human potential.
The Renaissance
This movement sought to reform the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant churches.
Protestant Reformation
his Portuguese explorer led the first expedition to sail around the world.
Ferdinand Magellan
his daughter of Henry VIII tried to restore Catholicism to England and became known as “Bloody Mary.”
Queen Mary
This Danish astronomer carefully recorded planetary movements that later helped Kepler.
Brahe
This political thinker wrote The Prince, advising rulers on gaining and keeping power.
Machiavelli
The selling of these church pardons angered Martin Luther.
Indulgences
This trade network connected Europe to Asia and increased demand for pepper, cinnamon, and cloves.
Spice Trade
This queen defeated the Spanish Armada and ruled during England’s Golden Age.
Queen Elizabeth I
This scientist discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits.
Kepler
This famous Renaissance artist painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Michaelangelo
These people challenged the authority and practices of the Catholic Church during the Reformation.
Reformers
This English sea captain helped defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588
Sir Frances Drake
This Scottish queen was executed after being accused of plotting against Elizabeth I.
Mary Queen of Scots
This English scientist explained gravity and the laws of motion.
Isaac Newton
This Renaissance painter is known for works such as The School of Athens.
Raphael
This invention helped spread Reformation ideas quickly across Europe.
Printing press
This English explorer attempted to establish the Roanoke colony in North America.
Sir Walter Raleigh
This conflict between Catholics and Protestants shaped much of England during the Tudor era.
religious conflict during reformation
This period marked major advances in astronomy, physics, and scientific thinking during the 1500s and 1600s.
Scientific revolution