Causes of the Crusades
This is what Christians Crusaders wanted to control, as a result of the Crusades
The Holy Lands (Jerusalem)
What is a siege?
When attackers would surround a castle with both men and catapults so that no one could enter or leave the castle.
Who was at the top of the "those who make war" feudal system?
Monarch (kings and queens)
What is one thing the monarch would give the lords?
Fief (land) and/or peasants
How many people died during the crusades?
2,000,000 to 6,000,000
This is the person who called for the Crusades with a famous speech in 1096
Pope Urban II
What is a lance?
A lance is a high status weapon that was used in attacks by mounted men-at-arms.
Who was at the bottom of the "those who make war" feudal system?
Serfs
What is one thing the peasants would do for the knights?
Farm the land and pay rent.
This is 1 societal change in Europe, as a result of the Crusades (what ended because of the crusades)
feudalism weakened
European Christians feared that Muslims would take control of this Byzantine city, thus causing the First Crusade
Constantinople
What is a battering ram?
It was made of wood and a metal tip at the end. It was designed to break down walls and wooden doors.
Who was at the top of the "those who pray" feudal system?
Pope
What would the knights do for the lords?
Provide them with military service.
What is 1 economic change in Europe, as a result of the Crusades
banking began, taxation began, merchants became wealthy, trade increased between Europe and the Middle East
What happened when the new group of Arabs took control of Jerusalem in 1095?
The closing of Jerusalem to Jewish and Christian pilgrims
What is a mace?
A pole fitted with a heavy head made of stone, iron, bronze, or steel.
Who was at the bottom of the "those who pray" feudal system?
Priests
What was the role of the free peasants in the feudal system?
They had no role. They were free from responsibilities and obligations to others but did not receive any of the benefits.
What is one way in which the relationship between Muslims and Christians worsened?
For Muslims, the intolerance and prejudice displayed by Christians in the Holy Land left behind a legacy of bitterness and hatred.
These are 2 reasons for why Christians were motivated to fight in the Crusades in the first place
Salvation, adventure, opportunity to gain land, opportunity for wealth, escape from serfdome (any two of these)
How were ladders used to help in an attack?
Ladders were pushed up against the castle walls and attackers would climb over the walls to fight within the castle.
Define the term feudal system
A system of government in which less powerful people promise loyalty to more powerful ones in return for protection from barbarians/vikings.
What were the responsibilities of the nuns?
To serve God, run hospitals, and care for the orphans and homeless.
What effect did the Crusades have on the wealth of the Catholic Church?
The increase of wealth due to the selling of churches and monasteries as well as gifting from religious enthusiasm.