Rise of Towns
Agricultural Revolution
Hundred Years War
Magna Carta
The Church
100
What contributed to the rise of towns?
- Farmers needed a common place to sell their surplus goods - Artisans moved to towns permanently to sell their services there - People felt safer and began to travel more because of the increase in trade
100
What was the result of the Agricultural Revolution?
Better foods were grown (oats, barley, peas, beans, wheat, or rye). These foods were better because they contained more protein. Population increased, people lived longer, and they were healthier.
100
How long did the Hundred Years War last?
116 years. The war lasted from 1337 to 1453.
100
When was the Magna Carta signed?
The Magna Carta was signed on June 15th, 1215. It was between King John and the people he ruled over. The point of the agreement was to give more freedom to the common people and not allow the King to benefit himself.
100
What is lay investiture?
It is the appointment of religious officials, such as bishops by the nobles or the King.
200
What are Royal Charters?
Royal Charters are written documents that allowed the townspeople to have their own government, create their own laws, and be independent from the king. It could be purchased from the king.
200
What is the Horse Harness?
The Horse Harness allowed people to use a harness that would fit around a horse's chest instead of neck, therefore not choking the horse. The horses were valuable because they could do double the work of an ox in one day.
200
What was the cause for the Hundred Years War?
After the French King died, King Edward the III claimed to be the next king because his mother was a French princess. The French nobility didn't agree, so King Edward the III invaded France.
200
In what ways did the power shift to the common people?
The right to private property The right to free travel within England The right to a fair trial. All are protected by common law that the King cannot violate.
200
What happened between Henry IV and Pope Gregory?
Pope Gregory banned lay investiture and in response, Henry IV said that Pope Gregory wouldn't be the Pope anymore. Pope Gregory proceeded to depose the King. After seeing the effects of what the Pope could do, the King traveled through many mountains and lands far away to apologize to the Pope in person. In return, the Pope allowed the King to stay in power.
300
Why does currency develop?
Towns were not self-sufficient and people could not barter good for good anymore.
300
How did the Agricultural Revolution create more jobs?
With less people farming, people could specialize in more jobs . Skilled artisans could create new products that improved the economy.
300
What did both the French and English want from the war?
The goal of both England and France was to control the English Channel because they wanted to control trade and the wealth that came with it.
300
How was the King's power limited?
The king couldn’t randomly jail people with any good cause and fair trial. The King could not raise taxes before talking with the Great Council of lords and clergy.
300
What were some ways that the Church could enforce its laws?
Excommunication - People were thrown out of the church and no one was allowed to speak to you. In the eyes of the church, you were not apart of the Christian community anymore. Interdiction - All the churches in your land were closed meaning the Christian sacraments were not able to be performed anymore. People believed that their soul was going to hell and those people would revolt against their king because of that fear. Deposition - The pope would dethrone the King and people would not have to listen to the King anymore. Heresy - If people questioned the Church, they would be considered a heretic and burned at stake.
400
Women could own their own businesses and trade property.
What rights did the women have?
400
How did the Three-Field System help the Agricultural Revolution?
Farmers used a different method of planting their crops. Instead of using 2 fields with 300 acres each, they would have 3 fields of 200. This system was better because they didn’t need to leave half of their land every year and instead just left ⅓ of their land.
400
What new technology was created during the Hundred Years War?
New military technology such as the longbow, crossbow, and cannon made Feudalism weaken. Knights on horseback and castles became useless because they could be easily countered.
400
What did the Magna Carta lay the foundation for?
The Magna Carta laid the foundation for the creation of a Parliament. There both common people and lords and clergy would work together to make a monarchy.
400
How was the Church a unifying force in Europe during the Middle Ages?
The church was a social center, where people went everyday to discuss everyday topics such as religion, politics, and education. The Church united Europe during the Middle Ages because everyone wanted to have salvation. Most people had daily contact with their priest, where they learned how to read and write.
500
What is a guild and the role of Guilds?
- Provided help and protection for people Set fair working hours for the artisans - Set the prices so it would be central - Maintain the public view of the guild - Used money to take care of members and families that couldn’t work. - Trained people in a specific skillset
500
What was the Moldboard Plow and how did it help?
A plow was developed so that it could turn the soil deeper because the old plow was made for thin southern soil. The Moldboard Plow was made of a curved iron plate. The new plow helped create more fertile land in Europe and increased the amount of nutrients it had.
500
What were some other ways that Feudalism weakened?
The creation of standing professional army (national army run by king) - knights no longer needed to be supplied by the Lords. Members of the peasant class will be recruited into the military (change in social mobility) - in Feudalism the military was reserved only for members of the noble class People became became loyal to the king and not their local lord. People were united by their pride for their country.
500
Why did the people revolt against King John?
He had high taxes and had unfair punishments for his enemies. He seized the Church's property and limited the rights of the Pope. Many nobles did not like what King John did and they resented him.
500
What are the seven sacraments?
1. Baptism 2. Confirmation 3. Eucharist 4. Matrimony 5. Holy Orders 6. Penance 7. Extreme Unction
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