Middle Ages
Who were the fierce warriors from Northern Europe who attacked towns and monasteries during the early Middle Ages?
The Vikings
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Italy
What was the primary reason Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses?
To criticize the corruption of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences
What were the "3 G's" of European exploration?
God, Gold and Glory
This series of conflicts between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land was launched after Pope Urban II's famous call to arms.
The Crusades
Which Renaissance artist painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and was also a scientist and inventor?
Leonardo da Vinci
Which European kingdom ruled by Henry VIII separated from the Catholic Church and established the Protestant, Anglican Church?
England
What role did Prince Henry of Portugal play in world exploration?
He established a school for the study of navigation, map making and ship building
A farming community owned by nobles and worked by peasants, with a system of tax and protection
How did the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg impact the Renaissance?
It allowed for the mass production of books, spreading knowledge faster
How did the printing press contribute to the spread of Reformation ideals?
It enabled the spread of religious pamphlets and Bibles translated into local, known languages
What were some of the technological advancements that made exploration possible?
The invention of the astrolabe, compass and caravels
Define Feudalism
A political system where lords grant land for taxes and military services
What was the main intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized human potential and achievement?
Humanism
What was the main idea of sola fide, a key belief of Protestant reformers?
Salvation only comes from faith, not good works
What was the Middle Passage?
The brutal voyage that saw the forced transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas to be sold into slavery. Part of the Triangular Trade.
Explain the lasting impacts of the Bubonic Plague on Europe
30-50% of all Europeans die, Jews were blamed, and the authority of the church begins to be questioned
Why is the Renaissance known as a period of "rebirth" or "revival"?
Because it renewed interest in the classical knowledge, art, and culture of the Ancient Greek and Romans after centuries of medieval traditions.
What were the major impacts of the Protestant Reformation?
Europe became more religiously divided, which led to decades of conflicts across the continent
What was the Columbian Exchange?
This term describes the widespread transfer of crops, animals, culture and diseases between the Americas and the Old World that followed the voyages of Christopher Columbus.