Disorders of Truama and Stress
Two dissociative disorders someone may experience is (Blank) in which an individual displays two or more distinct personalities and periodically switches from one to another, and (Blank) which is the sense that one's own mental functioning or body is unreal or detached.
Dissociative identity disorder and depersonalization-derealization disorder.
Describe a depressive episode and a manic episode
Depressive episode is a low sad state that is marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms.
Manic episode is a state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking.
About how many people die by suicide each year in the United States?
a. 420 b. 4,200 c. 42,000 d.420,000
How many deaths occur by Suicide each year around the world?
a. 100 b. 1,000 c.100,000 d. 1,000,000
answer: C & D.
A person who experiences which incident is at the greatest risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder?
a. seeing a friend seriously injured during a sporting event b. being home alone when a storm damages the house c. learning of a friend who lost their leg in an accident d. witnessing a friend die from being shot-point blank
D. witnessing a friend die from being shot-point blank (PTSD develops from a traumatic event that involves a person exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation.)
Describe what MAO inhibitors and SSRIs (selective serotine reuptake inhibitors) are and what they do.
MAO inhibitors have an antidepressant effect, MAO is an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. (may cause a rise in blood pressure)
SSRIs increase serotonin activity without affecting norepinephrine or other neurotransmitters. SSRIs also have an antidepressant effect.
Describe three major symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorders.
- repeated uncontrolled, and distressing memories
- repeated and upsetting trauma-linked dreams
- dissociative experiences such as flashbacks
-significant upset when exposed to trauma-linked cues,
-pronounced physical reactions when reminded of the event(s)
- the person continually avoids trauma-linked stimuli
- the person experiences negative changes in trauma-linked cognitions and moods such as being unable to remember key features of the event(s) or experiencing repeated negative emotions.
- the person displays conspicuous changes in arousal or reactivity, such as excessive alertness, extreme startle responses, or sleep disturbances
When people feel that their present circumstances, problems, and negative moods will not change, and this pessimistic belief contributes to suicide, the belief is called a sense of (blank)
Hopelessness
Which description best defines self-injury?
a. The most common method of parasuicide b. An accident that causes personal pain and distress c. A psychological disorder d. A behavioral pattern of mutilating oneself or causing oneself pain.
D. a behavioral pattern of mutilating oneself or causing oneself pain.
A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a traumatic event and persists for less than a month is called:
a. generalized anxiety disorder b. posttraumatic stress disorder c. hysteria d. acute stres disorder.
d. acute stress disorder.
Durkheim's sociocultural view discusses three suicide categories,describe each.
egoistic: isolated, alienated non-religious people whom society has little control
altruistic: socially well-integrated people (intentionally sacrifice their lives for its well-being).
Anomic: inhabitants of an unstable social environment (people who've been let down by disorganized, inadequate, often decaying society).
In a response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goosebumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the
a. central nervous system b. peripheral nervous c. sympathetic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system.
C. sympathetic nervous system (our fight-or-flight response which drives us to act when we're faced with danger)
Remember: Parasympathetic is known for 'Rest and digest which will present opposite symptoms such as slow digestion.
The major drug treatment for bipolar disorder is (blank)
Lithium
Describe each of the four kinds of people who intentionally end their lives: death seekers, death initiators, death ignorers, and death darers.
Death Seeker: intent to end life (intentional)
death initiator: attempts suicide believing that the process of death is already underway. (ex: terminal illness)
death ignorer: do not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence (ex: higher power)
death darer: ambivalence about the wish to die even while attempting suicide (not always sure)
(Blank) are a class of antidepressants that block an overly vigorous reuptake process and allow serotonin and norepinephrine to remain in the synapses longer.
Tricyclics.
You are a new clinician at a clinical treatment center for veterans with PTSD. Discuss two ways you can treat acute and posttraumatic stress disorders.
- antidepressant drugs (helpful for increased arousal and negative emotions; less helpful for recurrent negative memories dissociation, and avoidance behaviors.
- cognitive-behavioral therapy such as cognitive processing therapy that deal with difficult memories and feelings, mindfulness-based techniques (more acceptable and less judgment of recurring thoughts, feelings, and memories, exposure techniques, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) which involves clients moving their eyes in a rhythmic manner while flooding their minds with images they ordinarily try to avoid.
Which of these goals is the usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorder?
a. Put the "protector" subpersonality as the supervisor for the other subpersonalities b. have the subpersonalities develop equal "shares" of the person's functioning. c. merge the subpersonalities into a single identity. d. gradually phase out all but one of the subpersonalities.
C. merge the subpersonalities into a single identity.
There are two depressive disorders and two kinds of bipolar disorders, describe each.
Unipolar depression: Depression without a history of mania (high energy levels)
Bipolar depression: Disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression
Bipolar 1 disorder: Full manic and major depressive episodes.
Bipolar 2 disorder: Midly manic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes.
You are responsible for conducting a retrospective analysis of someone who has died by suicide. Describe the method you would use and the types of information you would try to gather. What are some limitations of this type of analysis?
Remember: Retrospective analysis is when clinicians and researchers piece together data from the past which may appear in the form of suicide notes, people's memories of past conversations and behaviors.
A limitation to this could be people's memories might change and it might not be representative of overall population with suicidal ideation. (under-reporting may exist).
The (blank) theoretical perspective suggests that suicide is caused by the loss of loved ones and self-directed aggression.
a. humanist b. biological c. cognitive-behavioral d. psychodynamic.
d. psychodynamic (suicide results from depression and anger at others that is redirected towards self and later suicidal behaviors are related to childhood losses.)
Laurent has three subpersonalities. Fiona emerges when laurent is in an awkward social situation. Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in:
a. convergent variable learning b. avoidant dysmorphia c. neurobiological concordance d. state-dependent learning.
d. state-dependent learning: learning becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred so that it is best remembered under the same conditions. (ties to cognitive-behavioral theorists)
People who are unable to recall information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are most likely experiencing:
a. body dysmorphic disorder b. dissociative identity disorder c. depersonalization-derealization disorder. d. dissociative amnesia
d. Dissociative amnesia involves being unable to recall important personal events/information (which negatively impacts memory).
In cognitive-behavioral therapy, treatments for unipolar depression for example utilize (blank) which systematically increases the number of constructive and pleasurable activities and events in a client's life
Answer: Behavioral activation. (Reintroduces pleasurable events and activities and helps improve social skills).
remember: we need to engage in society instead of reinforcing our negative cognitive processes.
Disuss adolescent suicide. Include at least 2 reasons why adolescents might be particularly at risk for suicide.
Adolescent stress can manifest from family conflict, social isolation, parental stress, school stress, struggles with impulse control/cognitive control, eagerness to imitate, being a member in the LGBTQ community, etc.
Usually, when someone carries out an intentional means to end their life, they receive (Blank) which tries to help suicidal people see their situations more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome their crises.
Crisis intervention
Describe a) cognitive-behavioral therapy and b) interpersonal psychotherapy as treatments for depression.
a) can take the form of behavioral activation which increases rewarding activities in client's life and help improve social skills. another form can be challenging automatic thoughts, identifying negative thinking, and biases which is cognitive therapy. another form can be mindfulness-based techniques which recognize negative conditions as streams of thought.
b) interpersonal psychotherapy can take the form of exploring interpersonal loss that encourages the client to explore relationships with the lost person and express any feelings of anger they may discover, navigating role disputes, teaching social skills/assertiveness (interpersonal deficits)