Carbohydrates & Redox (Lecture 9 & 10)
What is a carbohydrate?
carbon + water
What is the purpose of glycolysis?
To convert glucose into a molecule that is usable for energy
What is the stage of cellular respiration that starts with pyruvic acid and produces carbon dioxide?
Pyruvate Oxidation
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
To convert light energy into chemically usable energy
What are the differences between DNA and RNA nucleotides? [+100: List all the bases, their pairs, and number of hydrogen bonds between them]
DNA = deoxyribose & nitrogenous base Thymine
RNA =ribose & nitrogenous base Uracil
Bonus: A-T = 2 H-bonds; A-U = 2 H-bonds; C-G = 3 H-bonds
What reaction turns monosaccharides to disaccharides?
Dehydration synthesis
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Daily Double: Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
Mitochondrial inner membrane
What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle? [+100: What is the main enzyme for this reaction?]
To use energy from ATP and NADPH (produced in the light reactions) to fix CO2 into organic molecules;
Bonus = RuBisCO
What are the 3 types of RNA and their functions?
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): provides instruction for making proteins
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): component of ribosome (ribosome → rRNA + protein)
3. Translation RNA (tRNA): carries specific amino acids to the ribosome and translates the nucleotide sequence to AA
What's the difference between oxidation and reduction reactions?
Oxidation → Lose Electrons
Reduction → Gain Electrons
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (2 net ATP)
What is fermentation and its purpose?
the process that forms either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol when no oxygen is present; purpose: make NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
What are the photosynthetic pigments and what of these are found in [plant] reaction centers?
Molecules that absorb light energy from the sun and allow for the conversion of light energy into chemical energy;
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and β carotene
What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote gene structures? (Name at least 2 differences)
Prokaryote: circular plasmid, no nucleus, -10 & -35 promoter, no introns/exons, no post-processing of mRNA
Eukaryote: chromosomes, nucleus, TATA box, contains introns & exons, post-processing of mRNA
What are the steps to carbon count a carbohydrate in line form?
Carbon #1 = the carbon of the carbonyl
Depending on the position of the carbon, count up/down the carbon chain
What did the "endosymbiont theory" for the origin of a cell propose?
An early eukaryote first engulfed a prokaryote that used oxygen (mitochondria), then later engulfed a prokaryote that can do photosynthesis (chloroplast).
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC and what is the side product? [+100 points = What protein produces ATP after the ETC and approximately how much ATP is produced?]
O2; side product = H2O
[Bonus: ATP Synthase, ~32 ATP]
Through what proteins/molecules does the electron move in the ETC of light reaction and which direction are H+ ions moved?
O2 (electron donor) → Photosystem II → Photosystem I → NADPH; H+ moved from stroma (outside) → thylakoid lumen (inside)
1. Polymerase binding to DNA
2. Formation of transcription bubble (transcription initiation complex)
3. Elongation
4. Termination
5. Post-processing: Splicing, 5' cap, & Poly A tail
What two electron carriers are in high energy state and which two are in low energy state?
High energy state = NADH, FADH2
Low energy state = NAD+, FAD+
Glucose contains __ carbons. Pyruvate contains __ carbons. Carbons are released in the form of a __ carbon side product (__) during cellular respiration.
6; 3; 2; (CO2)
Which integral membrane proteins involved in the ETC do NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons? [+100 points: What is the main purpose of these proteins?]
NADH → Complex I
FADH2 → Complex II
[Bonus: create a H+ gradient for ATP production in the ATP Synthase]
What are the three steps of the dark reaction and how many carbons are in each resulting step? [+100: which steps use ATP?]
1. Fixation: 5C → 3C
2. Reduction: 3C → 3C [Uses ATP]
3. Regeneration: 3Cs → 5C [Uses ATP]
What is required for translation to start and what are the three primary binding sites of the large ribosomal subunit?
Start codon (AUG), tRNA with Met, Small ribosomal subunit;
A → P → E