Random
_____ (α) error: False rejection of a true null hypothesis ("false alarm").
_____ (β) error: Failure to reject a false null hypothesis ("miss").
What is Type I (α)?
What is Type II (β)?
These are the three pillars of the Belmont Report?
What is Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice?
The ability of EEG to track brain activity in milliseconds is called this kind of resolution.
What is temporal resolution?
______ are used when you can’t
(or shouldn’t) manipulate something (e.g. social
structure) in your unit of analysis.
+ 1 point if you can name different types :)
What are non-experimental methods?
- Field studies allow observations of people or animals in their natural state.
- Surveys and interviews
- Longitudinal studies track changes in an individual or groups of people over time.
- Case studies or ‘natural experiments’ are used to
examine and characterize abilities or deficits of
individuals with rare conditions
Unlike range, this measure accounts for all data points and quantifies spread around the mean.
What is standard deviation?
To find papers on either "social media" or "mental health" (but not necessarily both), the correct Boolean operator is:
A) "social media" AND "mental health"
B) "social media" NOT "mental health"
C) "social media" OR "mental health"
D) "social media" XOR "mental health"
What is "social media" OR "mental health"?
Which principle of the Belmont Report emphasizes minimizing harm and maximizing benefits?
What is beneficence?
Name at least one advantage and one disadvantage for reaction time studies.
Advantages:
• Cheap and non-invasive.
• Accepted in a variety of disciplines.
• Has good objectivity, reliability, and sensitivity.* (If used correctly.)
Disadvantages:
• Very simple. The measure may be limited in internal validity as it may not measure the process you intend.
• Doesn’t specifically indicate brain responses by itself (important for Cognitive Science).
This method is often combined with EEG in developmental studies to track where infants are looking.
What is eye tracking?
This type of study observes relationships between variables without manipulation.
What is correlational study?
This board is responsible for reviewing research proposals to ensure the protection of human participants and that ethical standards are upheld.This ethical principle is violated if a study recruits only low-income participants for high-risk trials.
What is the IRB?
This unethical study withheld treatment from Black men with syphilis for decades.
+1 point if you can tell me what the most violated principle is (Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice)
What is the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?
Most violated principle: Justice
This technique measures magnetic fields generated by neural activity and must be conducted in a shielded room.
What is MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
Before conducting a study, researchers must obtain this from participants to ensure ethical standards are met.
What is informed consent?
This data is ___ skewed (you can also draw it out)
A teacher gives a very difficult math test to a class of 30 students. Most students score between 30% and 50%, a few score in the 60s, and only one student scores 100%.
What is positively skewed?
____ assignment ensures pre-existing differences are evenly distributed.
What is random assignment?
"Self-plagiarism" violates ethical guidelines when:
A) Reusing methods from a prior paper without citation
B) Publishing similar findings in two journals to reach different audiences
C) Paraphrasing one’s own unpublished thesis
D) Submitting a conference paper later expanded into a journal article
What is reusing methods from a prior paper without citation?
This brain imaging technique uses a radioactive tracer to measure metabolic activity and is often used in drug studies.
What is PET (Positron Emission Tomography)?
This approach allows researchers to infer causality by creating a temporary “virtual lesion” in a specific brain region.
What is TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)?
A group of students recorded how many hours of sleep they got the night before a big exam. The hours of sleep (in hours) for the 9 students were:
4, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 12
Based on the data above, this measure (mean, median, or mode) best represents the typical student’s sleep in this case.
Mean: (4 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 8 + 10 + 12) ÷ 9 = 7.4 hours
Median: The middle value = 7 hours
Mode: The number that appears most often = 7 hours
Best measure: Mode or median, because they’re not as affected by the extreme value (12 hours)
Amy did a study measuring cortisol levels via saliva samples during final exams meets _____ criteria because saliva collection is non-invasive and exam stress is routine for students.
What is minimal risk?
Minimal risk = risks ≤ daily life or routine medical tests.
This was the main ethical violation in the Milgram Obedience study regarding consent.
What is lack of informed consent and psychological harm?
Double question:
This structural imaging method can reveal brain atrophy or lesions by detecting water diffusion in white matter.
This imaging method uses x-rays to build a 3D image and is mainly used for diagnosing structural brain damage.
What is DTI?
What is CT?
_____-Subjects Design: Different participants in each condition (e.g., Group A gets Drug X, Group B gets Placebo).
____-Subjects Design: Same participants in all conditions (e.g., Group A takes Drug X and Placebo at different times).
What is Between-Subjects Design?
What is Within-Subjects Design?
A public health researcher is studying the relationship between exercise habits and mental well-being. She collects the following types of data from participants:
Favorite type of physical activity (e.g., swimming, running, yoga)
Self-rated stress levels on a scale from 1 (very low) to 10 (very high)
Number of exercise sessions per week
Body temperature during exercise, recorded in Celsius
Match the data to the level of measurement.
Favorite activity: Nominal (categories without order)
Stress level: Ordinal (ranked but uneven intervals)
Sessions per week: Ratio (true zero, countable)
Temperature (Celsius): Interval (equal intervals, no true zero)