Cell!
The three organelles in the endomembrane system.
Golgi, ER, Lysosome
Final result of mitosis
The amount of haploid daughter cells at the end
4
Why does the lagging strand require multiple primers while the leading strand does not?
The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments and the leading strand is synthesized continuously.
Why are thylakoid membranes highly folded into grana?
To increase surface area for light absorption.
Explain how the RER and Golgi coordinate in producing a secreted protein.
the rough ER synthesizes the polypeptide, and the Golgi modifies, sorts, and packages it for secretion
If the anaphase checkpoint isn't passed, what happens?
Aneuploidy (cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes) and cell death/ serious problems
During metaphase 1, (fill in the blank) stack up across the metaphase plate.
Homologs!
Explain why DNA replication is described as semi conservative.
Each daughter DNA has one original parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
What is the primary function of photosynthesis in a thylakoid membrane?
To capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy vis electron excitement.
Organelles/ features of the cell that ALL cells have
Plasma membrane, ribosomes, DNA, proteins
During which miotic phase does the spindle checkpoint occur and what is it checking for?
Metaphase! and proper attachment of all kinetochores to spindle microtubules
When does independent assortment occur?
Metaphase 1
What is the number of origins of replication in bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells and why
Bacterial= 1 because circular
Eukaryotic= Multiple because linear origins
Do electrons move between pigments in the antenna complex?
NO! Excitation energy moves, not the electrons
Compare the role of cadherins and integrins in tissue structure.
Cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion and integrins link cells to the ECM
How do astral and kinetochore microtubule functions differ?
Kinetochore pull chromatids apart.
Astral MT serve as an anchor and hold the MTOC in its respective pole.
What would be the chromosomal outcome if crossing over occurs unequally between homologs?
One chromatid gains extra genes while the other losses them
Describe the role of DNA polymerase I in prokaryotic replication.
It removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides.
Explain how oxidative phosphorylation is different from phosphorylation.
Oxidative phosphorylation: occurs in mitochondrial membrane, oxygen required, ATP synthase involved, energy from ETC and proton gradient used
Phosphorylation: occurs in cytoplasm, oxygen not required, direct transfer of phosphate group from ADP
How do integrins contribute to both cell adhesion and signaling?
Anchor cells to ECM and transmit chemical signals inside the cell.
Explain why mitosis maintains genetic stability while meiosis increases genetic variation.
Mitosis produces identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis involves recombination and independent assortment
How does crossing over between non-sister chromatids influence gene linkage?
It can separate linked genes, reducing linkage and increasing recombinant frequencies.
Explain how telomerase prevent chromosome shortening in eukaryotic cells.
It extends the 3' end of the parental template strand with a repetitive sequence to allow complete lagging strand synthesis.
Describe the fate of each molecule of NADPH and ATP produced during light reactions.
Both are consumed in the Calvin Cycle and reduce to CO2 into G3P.