Dates
When was the great fire that changed how we manage our forests and wildfire?
1910
Did Rancherias use burning in 1800s?
Used burning! (lower FRI still) to manage brush or encourage grass
Created destructive fires!- did not know or care how to control
What was the fire regime of the Sierra Nevada region before 1800s?
-common plants exhibit specific fire-adapted traits such as thick bark and fire-stimulated flowering, sprouting, seed release and/or germination
- FRI of less than 50 years/ 250 acres or less
-Accounts of early surveyors explicitly state that crown fires were uncommon
When was there a big shift in fire policy during this time period? (1900s-1990s)
1900-1930s= conservation laws, federal and state government as land stewards
1930s-1970s= fire suppression!
What is one way that Indigenous Peoples are reclaiming their culture?
other?
When did it become legal to indenture native peoples by the US government?
1850
Name one way that Timbrook, Johnson, and Earle mention that natives used fire for?
hunting: rabbit drives
improve forage for game animals which would then be hunted
increase the availability of certain plants for direct use by humans
What is “Paiute forestry” ?
light burning- prescribed burning
Name one land management policy from 1900-1950s.
How did it change management?
1. 1945- Rangeland Improvement Act- state gave permission for private burns to sponsor research and experiment
2. 1935- 10AM policy- fire must be out by the following day at 10AM
3. 1916- establishment of National Park Service
4. 1927- State Park Bill- CA division of beaches and parks- recreation and historical
5. 1933- Civilian Conservation Corps created
6. 1946- The BLM created- that of managing public land for multiple uses while conserving natural, historical, and cultural resources
Who is Smokey Bear? How has the campaign changed over time.
USFS mascot!
"Only you can prevent forest fires"
"only you can prevent wildfires"
When was the Indian Citizenship Act- granting citizenship to noncitizen Indians born within US territory limits
1924
Where was the predominant influence of Spanish missions in California?
the coast!
What is the Indian Appropriations Act?
1851
"created the Indian reservation system and provided funds to move Indian tribes onto farming reservations and hopefully keep them under control"
What did he believe about fire?
Served as the first USFS head and was an advocate for conservation movements. Believed that fire was very dangerous and should not be used!
Name two considerations in deciding if fire fuel treatment programs are profitable?
long-term vs short-term
management techniques- complicated
When was the Spanish Mission period?
(1769–1823)
In the Dart-Newton paper, what did they attribute the collapse of Chumash culture to?
Name one thing
Reduction of native fishing, hunting, gathering, and land management
Increase in spp. of fish, shellfish, and sea mammals
Suppression of fire and culture
Introduction of diseases and pathogens
Depletion of native food sources due to Spanish cattle
Name one way Native peoples were assimilated into western culture.
1. clothes
2. dawes act
3. Indian boarding schools
Describe the light burning controversy (one phrase)
Debate in early 1900s that debated the use of "cool" fires as a management tool. Often debated between timberman and ranchers.
Who won out?
USFS played around with light burning until they decided in was dangerous around 1910s.
According to guest speaker Ron Goode, what is the primary purpose of cultural burning?
culture and life
When did CA become a state?
When was the Transcontinental Railroad completed?
Where does this overlap with land management strategies?
Railroad- 1869
gold rush time period!
Name two ways the introduction of European missions changed the landscape (Pyne 2016)
Mission San Juan Capistrano
introduction of pasteurization and feral animals
Introduction of wild oats and mustard- replace native grasses
Rancherias in 1833
Used burning! (lower FRI still) to manage brush or encourage grass
Created destructive fires!- did not know or care how to control
Environment: expanded herds, harvest sea otters, sperm whales, wolverine, fisher, marten, mink, river otter, logged oak tree
Cattle eat brome, wild rye, clover
Name one way land was managed during this time.
1. wildlife- Trapping, trophy hunters, egg collectors
2. ag- Marshes drained, underground water tapped, damns, irrigation, monoculture farming, steam-powered harvesters, global markets
3. hydraulic mining- Forceful jets of water along hillsides, masses of earth washed into sluice boxes to filter gold
4. logging-Lands abandon after cutting, slash fires raged, no reseeding
What were the effects of the Great Fire of 1910 on modern fire policy and management? Name two elements
1. kept the government in control of large expanses of forest (movement for privatization)
2. introduced policies such as the 10 o'clock
3. expanded wildfire tasks force and lookout monitoring
4. learned to salvage certain spp. and quality of wood first (spruce and sawtimber)
Explain what the 1995 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and 2000 National Fire Plan have in common
1. protection of human life as the first priority
2. Wildland fire must be reintroduced into the ecosystem and is an essential process
3. Sound risk management is a foundation for all fire management activities.