Renaissance and Reformation
What does the word "Renaissance" mean?
Rebirth
Name the economic policy based on accumulating precious metals and favorable trade balances that motivated European colonization.
Mercantilism
What is "divine right of kings"?
The belief that monarchs derive their authority from God and are responsible only to God.
Who proposed the heliocentric theory that placed the Sun at the center of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus.
What were the Three Estates and which estate paid the majority of taxes?
First Estate: clergy; Second Estate: nobility; Third Estate: commoners. The Third Estate paid the majority of taxes
Which invention by Johannes Gutenberg helped spread Renaissance and Reformation ideas more quickly?
The Printing Press
Who sailed for Portugal, reached the Cape of Good Hope, and opened a sea route down Africa's coast (though he returned after reaching the cape)?
Bartolomeu Dias
Which English monarch was executed after the English Civil War?
Charles I.
Which scientist developed the three laws of motion and the law of gravity?
Who was Issac Newton?
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
An oath by the National Assembly not to disband until they had written a new constitution for France.
Name two major Renaissance artists listed and one famous work for each.
Examples:
Leonardo Da Vinci-Mona Lisa, the Last Supper
Michelangelo- Sistine Chapel, Statue of David
Raphael-School of Athens
Donatello-equestrian statue of Gattmelata
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas designed to do?
It drew an imaginary line dividing new lands between Spain and Portugal so each empire would control different territories.
Who led the Roundheads and later established a military dictatorship in England?
Oliver Cromwel
Name two Enlightenment thinkers from the study guide and give one key idea for each (e.g., natural rights, separation of powers).
John Locke — natural rights: life, liberty, property; Montesquieu — separation of powers/checks and balances. (Also: Voltaire — religious toleration; Rousseau not in list but many others.)
Who led the Committee of Public Safety and what was one consequence of its rule?
Maximilien Robespierre; consequence: mass executions during the Reign of Terror and suppression of perceived enemies.
What were indulgences and why did Martin Luther oppose them?
Indulgences were payments for reduced punishment for Sins; Luther attacked them as corrupt and inconsistent with true repentance
Define "colony" and explain how a colony differed from the parent country
A colony is a territory controlled by a parent country; colonies provided resources, markets, and strategic advantages but lacked political independence.
Describe two ways Louis XIV used Versailles to strengthen his power.
He built Versailles to house the nobles (reducing their power at home) and to display royal wealth and prestige, discouraging noble rebellion
Who said "I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it?"
Voltaire. He also deeply believed in religious freedom.
Explain why Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed and how that affected the Revolution.
They were seen as symbols of monarchy and were tried and executed; their deaths radicalized the Revolution and removed the monarchy
Explain the significance of the Peace of Augsburg for Christianity in the Holy Roman Empire.
The Peace of Augsburg officially accepted the division of Christianity (Catholicism and Lutheranism) in the Holy Roman Empire
Describe the Middle Passage and explain its significance to the Atlantic economy and human cost.
The Middle Passage was the forced voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas; it was central to the Atlantic slave trade and caused immense suffering and high mortality
Compare the political outcomes for Russia and England after their respective conflicts — name one ruling family for Russia and one long-term result for England.
Russia: the Romanovs remained the ruling family and rulers like Peter the Great modernized Russia (e.g., building St. Petersburg). England: moved toward constitutional limits on monarchy after the Civil War and the Glorious Revolution (Parliamentary power grew)
What were Montesquieu's main belief's about government?
Separation of powers and checks and balances.
Define "Reign of Terror" and give one reason why it started.
A period during which revolutionary courts executed large numbers of supposed enemies of the Revolution; it began in part to defend the Revolution from internal and external threats and to remove opposition.