Chap 1/2: Introduction to Deviance & The Diversity of Deviance
Give an example of positive deviance.
?
what does a subset of a population refer to?
sample
What is Robert Agnew's theory?
General strain theory (GST)
notion that social and physical disorder lead to greater disorder and other forms of crime and deviance.
Broken Windows Theory
Edwin Sutherland
What is the Normative/Positivist conception of deviance?
There is a general set of norms of behavior, conduct, and conditions on which we can agree.
what research format is considered the "gold standard"?
experiments
Develop in disorganized communities where illegitimate opportunities are largely absent, and those that exist are closed to adolescents
conflict subculutures
Theory developed to explain patterns of deviance and crime across social locations, such as neighborhoods.
Social Disorganization Theory
What is Differential Association Theory FIRST proposition?
Criminal behavior is learned.
Sumner's 3 types of norms
1. Folkways
2. Mores
3. Laws
What are the two types of fieldwork formats we can use?
pure observation and participant observation
Associated with drug use and the drug culture among some lower-class adolescents.
Retreatist subcultures
Shaw and McKay highlighted three factors that characterized neighbourhoods with high rates of delinquency
1. poverty
2. population turnover
3. racial/ethnic heterogeneity
According to Akers definition can be distinguished into three types:
Favorable—School is a waste of time, and skipping school is cool
Neutralizing—Skipping school doesn’t hurt anyone.
Reproachful—Skipping school hurts not only the deviant student but also other members of the class.
What are the two types of physical deviance?
1. violations of aesthetic norms (what people should look like, including height, weight, and the absence or presence of disfigurement)
2. physical incapacity, which would include those with a physical disability
What do we call the structured committees associated with universities and other research organizations that are set up to protect human subjects
institutional review boards
What are Merton's 5 general adaptations to anomie
1. conformity
2. innovation
3. ritualism
4. retreatism
5. rebellion
Ruth Kornhauser (1978) divided the classic theories of juvenile delinquency into three basic types:
1. cultural deviance
2. strain
3. social disorganization
Akers (1998) proposes four key characteristics of the social structure that might affect social learning:
(1) differential social organization,
(2) differential location in the social structure,
(3) theoretically defined structural variables, and
(4) differential social location in groups
What are the 3 types of harm resulting from elite deviance (outlined by David R. Simon)?
1. physical harms, including death or physical injury;
2. financial harms, including robbery, fraud, and various scams;
3. moral harms, encourage distrust and alienation among members of the lower and middle classe
What are 2 general sources of secondary data available for content analysis? (many possibilities --4 highlighted in textbook)
1. The Uniform Crime Report and the National Incident-Based Reporting System
2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
3. Monitoring the Future
4. Archived Data: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
Messner and Rosenfeld's values underlying the American Dream
1. achievement
2. individualism
3. universalism
4. materialism
Critique of Social Disorganization Theory (3 critiques)
1. Shift in criminology and became far more focused on individuals as opposed to groups
2. Longitudinal data are expensive and sometimes impossible to collect, and later studies typically were restricted to cross-sectional designs
3. Considerable confusion about what social disorganization actually was and how it should be measured.
Sykes and Matza (1957) argue that we can silence our internalized norms through 5 techniques of neutralization
1. the denial of responsibility
2. the denial of injury
3. the denial of victim
4.The condemnation of the condemners
5. The appeal to higher loyalties