Week 1
What European empire had laid claim to the Great Lakes area and northeast Canada?
France (named New France)
What was the enclosure movement?
English landlords evicted small farmers and fenced off "commons" previously open to all, creating visual and physical boundaries for property ownership and the cultivation of sheep and other farm animals. Loss of land through enclosure was one aspect that encouraged people to immigrate to the Americas.
What carribean island is connected to the founding of the Carolina colonies in 1663?
Barbados
What was the Great Awakening?
The Great Awakening occurred in the 1730s and 1740s in the North American colonies and was a religious revival characterized by a more emotional, personal approach to religious worship.
What was the Sugar Act?
Passed in 1764, it lowered the colonial tax on sugar from 6 pence to 3 pence, but also created new infrastructure to prosecute illegal trade and smugglers by trial and jury; thus, colonists were forced to pay a sugar tax that they had never paid before.
Why was the Battle of Saratoga an important victory for the Patriots?
It convinced the French and other European nations to aid the American colonists in the war for Independence; plus it was a morale boost.
What was the Pueblo Revolt?
In current-day New Mexico, the Pueblo, inspired by the religious leader Pope, rose up against and killed colonists and Franciscan missionaries. The revolt was a success and inspired other revolts in the Southwest and Northern Mexico.
What made Maryland a unique colony when it was established in 1632?
Maryland had more religious toleration and was a safe haven for catholics. (1649 Act Concerning Religion formalized religious toleration)
What was the result of the Yamasee War?
Carolina Colonists decided that Native slave trading was too dangerous and, from that point forward, would purchase enslaved Africans.
Difference: plantation slavery was the economy, due to staple crops, in the South; enslaved labor was an essential, but not primary form, of labor that facilitated the Northern economy
Similarity: colonial laws regarding slavery were close to identical in all colonies; enslaved people couldn't bear arms, interracial marriage was forbidden, slavery was inheritable and tied to the mother, it was legal to be violent towards enslaved people, etc.
What was the Stamp Act?
Required Colonists to to pay for an official stamp on paper goods, legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards to fund Empire defense costs.
1765
What two aspects make Vermont's state constitution unique?
The constitution eliminated property and tax-paying requirements for male voters.
The Constitution banned slavery outright.
List two items that came to the Americas from Europe, Asia, and Africa (Old World) and two items that came to the Old World from the Americas during the Columbian exchange.
ex. Americas to the Old World: tomatoes, tobacco, potatoes, corn
Old World to Americas: sugarcane, wheat, horses, pigs
What two states that now border Massachusetts were founded by religious dissenters in the 17th century?
Connecticut, Rhode Island
How are mercantilism and anglicization related?
Mercantilism is the belief that "government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power," and ensure that more wealth flows into the empire than out, effectively creating an English Empire-exclusive trade network. With colonists incentivized to buy English goods, which were often what was available, colonists emulated the trends and lifestyles of Englishmen, effectively exporting English lifestyles to the colonies. Emulating English identity, opposed to a new American one, was essential to anglicization.
What did the Stono Rebellion result in? (1739-1741)
What were the Townshend Acts?
What are freedom petitions? What are freedom suits?
Freedom petitions are collective petitions by enslaved people seeking to be freed by the state legislature or local courts.
Freedom suits are individual lawsuits that enslaved people brought before the local courts where they argued, for hosts of reasons, that their enslavers illegally held them as property.
What is a borderland, and what is an example of one?
"a meeting place of peoples where geographical and cultural borders are not clearly defined"
Marriage between French fur traders and Indigenous women.
How many Anglo-Powhatan wars were there? Were they successful?
The first war ended in 8 years of peace. The second war ended in the massacre of hundreds of Powhatans, and Virginia lost its investors and became the first royal colony. The third war happened in 1644, 20 years later, and resulted in the Powhatan leader's death and a treaty that forced them to cede lands, submit to the English, and move to reservations.
How can the Walking Purchase of 1737 be used as an example of how the Pennsylvania colony was no longer living up to William Penn's original vision?
What is deism, and what intellectual movement is it associated with?
"a belief that God essentially withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws without divine intervention"
The Enlightenment
What were the Intolerable Acts?
Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party, the acts allowed for soldiers to be quartered in private homes without the inhabitants' consent; drastically altered the MA charter of 1691 and took away local town political self-determination, for instance the governor could now appoint town officials who had previously been elected; the port of Boston was also shut down, stalling the colonies economy.
What three accomplishments did Thomas Jefferson say he wanted to be remembered for?
1. starting UVA
2. The Declaration of Independence
3. The Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom introduced in VA's House of Burgesses in 1779 and adopted in 1786
What week 1 primary source is this quote from?
"I took with me, as my colleague, Father Onoratto, and Dorantes’ Negro Esteban and certain Indians whom the lord Viceroy freed and bought for this purpose and whom the governor of New Galicia, Francisco Vasques de Coronado turned over to me, as well as many Indians [who] came to the valley of Culiacán expressing great joy, because the freed Indians assured them that the governor sent us ahead to let them know about their freedom and that people would not be enslaving them or making war on them or mistreating them, and that this was the wish and the order of his Majesty."
Friar Marco’s Account of Traveling with Esteban, 1539 (Foner, 30-31)
What week 2 primary source is this quote from?
"The other kind of liberty I call civil or federal, it may also be termed moral... is the proper end and object of authority, and cannot subsist without it...this liberty is maintained and exercised in a way of subjection to authority...The woman's own choice makes...a man her husband; yet being so chosen, he is her lord, and she is to be subject to him, yet in a way of liberty, not of bondage; and a true wife accounts her subjection her honor and freedom...Such is the liberty of the church under the authority of Christ."
John Winthrop, Speech to the Massachusetts General Court, 1645 (Foner, 77)
List three laws related to slavery that the House of Burgesses passed in Colonial Virginia from 1639 to 1705.
White people who run away with enslaved Black people are imprisoned for the length of escape; slavery follows the condition of the mother, making slavery inheritable and gendered; it becomes legal for enslavers to kill enslaved people; Black and Indigenous people cannot own christians; interracial marriage resulting in banishment or imprisomnent with a tax; white women who have non-white babies lose custody of their babies; it's lawful to kill a runaway enslaved person; plus more
What week 4 primary source is this quote from?
"It was my happy lot to be accepted for adoption: and at the time of the ceremony I was received by the two squaws, to supply tile place of their mother in the family; and I was ever considered and treated by them as a real sister, the same as though I had been horn of their mother.
During my adoption, I sat motionless, nearly terrified to death at the appearance and actions of the company, expecting every moment to feel their vengeance, and suffer death on the spot. I was, however, happily disappointed, when at the close of the ceremony the company retired, and my sisters went about employing every means for my consolation and comfort."
Mary Jemison, Captured and Adopted in the Seneca Nation, 1750 (HuskyCT)
What week 5 primary source is this quote from?
"Consequently, the practise of Slave-keeping, which so much abounds in this Land is illicit. Every privilege that mankind Enjoy have their Origen from god; and whatever acts are passed in any Earthly Court, which are Derogatory to those Edicts that are passed in the Court of Heaven, the act is void. If I have a perticular previledg granted to me by god, and the act is not revoked nor the power that granted the benefit vacated, (as it is imposable but that god should Ever remain immutable) then he that would infringe upon my Benifit, assumes an unreasonable, and tyrannic power."
Lemuel Haynes, Liberty Further Extended, 1776 (HuskyCT)
What week 6 primary source is this quote from?
"Your Honours who are nobly contending, in the Cause of Liberty, whose Conduct excites the Admiration, and Reverence, of all the great Empires of the World, will not resent our thus freely animadverting, on this detestable Practice; altho our Skins are different in Colour, from those who we serve, yet Reason & Revelation join to declare, that we are the Creatures of that God who made of one Blood, and Kindred, all the Nations of the Earth; we perceive by our own Reflection, that we are endowed, with the same Faculties, with our Masters, and there is nothing, that leads us to a Belief, or
Suspicion, that we are any more obliged to serve them, than they us, and the more we Consider of this Matter, the more we are Convinced, of our Right (by the Law's of Nature and by the whole Tenor, of the Christian Religion, so far as we have been taught) to be free; we have Endeavoured rightly to understand, what is our Right, and what is our Duty, and can never be convinced, that we were made to be Slaves."
Petition of the Slaves of Fairfield County, Connecticut, 1799 (HuskyCT)
Which came first, the Seven Years' War or Pontiac's War, and why?
Seven Years' War, then Pontiac's War
Native nations were devastated by land losses after failed alliances with European powers during the Seven Years' War, which resulted in a lot of Native land under English control. Pontiac's war was inspired by a belief that Indigenous people should band together, after European allyship had hurt Native nations during the Seven Years' War.