CH 1
Difference between social psychologist and personality psychologist?
Social Psychologists focus on context
Personality Psychologists focus on the individual
What is considered low-effort thinking?
Automatic thinking
The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people
What is social perception
What is cognitive dissonance?
The discomfort that people feel when they behave in ways that threaten their self-esteem
What are the three components of attitudes
Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral
What is Naïve Realism?
The conviction that we perceive things “as they really are,” under- estimating how much we are interpreting or “spinning” what we see
What are schemas?
Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember
What are the 6 universal emotions?
Sadness, Anger, Happiness, Surprise, Fear, and Disgust
What are the ways we can reduce cognitive dissoance?
We can change our behavior, we can justify our behavior, or we can justify our behavior by adding a new cognition
The strength of the association between an attitude object and a person’s evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about the object
What is Attitude Accessibility?
What is the Fundamental Attribution error?
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors
What is the Self Full-filling Prophecy?
The case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to be- have consistently with people’s original expectations, making the expectations come true
Facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion
- Jealousy, pride, grief
What is justification of effort? Give an example
The tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain
Remaining in a fraternity despite being hazed and mistreated because the inanition process for joining was harsh and difficult
The Yale Attitude Change approach consists of what three things
Who (The source of communication), the What (the nature of the communication), and to Whom (The nature of the audience)
What would we rather do? Be accurate or feel good about ourselves?
Feel good about ourselves
Name the four types of heuristics we have learned in this course
Judgmental heuristics, availability heuristic, availability heuristic, and representative heuristic.
What is thin slicing?
Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person’s personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behavior
Acting in a way that runs counter to one’s private belief or attitude
What is counterattitudinal behavior
Do subliminal messages work?
No
What is social cognition?
How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions
Explain the Bloomer study and give some of implications
Bloomer study: Researchers told teachers that certain students were gifted (bloomers) to see if that information changed the way a student progressed through out the semester. Students were chosen at random. Test scores at the beginning were compared to test scores at the end of semester.
Implications of the bloomer study:
Students who were identified as bloomers had exceptional grades and improved significantly through out the year.
What are the three pieces of information you need to decide if you make an internal or external attribution of someone?
Consensus info, distinctiveness info, and consistency info
How does insufficient punishment work?
Causes dissonance that can not be solved with external justification. To alleviate the cognitive dissonance an individual must make an internal justification/attribution to solve their dissonance
What is fear arousing communication?
Persuasive messages that attempt to change people’s attitudes by arousing their fears