Ch.13
13-11: Reducing Adjective Clauses to Phrases
There are many volcanoes near Quito. It is the capital of Ecuador.
There are many volcanoes near Quito, the capital of Ecuador.
13-9: Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clauses
The items in the store where one sale. Most of them were 50% off.
The items in the store where on sale, most of which were 50% off.
15.4: Passive Infinitives and Gerunds: present
Present Passive Infinitive
to be + past participle
Use paired conjunctions:
I want the cheesecake or the chocolate cake, not both.
I want either the cheesecake or the chocolate cake, not both
13-10: Use which to modify a whole sentence
Her boyfriend yelled at her. That made her angry.
Her boyfriend yelled at her which made her angry.
The cookies are great. None of them are burnt.
The cookies are great, none of which are burnt.
15.4: Passive Infinitives and Gerunds: present
Present Passive Gerund
being + past participle
Use paired conjunctions:
John enjoyed the movie. Laura enjoyed the movie.
Both John and Laura enjoyed the movie.
13-11: Reducing Adjective Clauses to Phrases
People who live on the streets often need medical attention.
People living on the streets often need medical attention.
I have four close friends. One of them lives in South Africa.
I have four close friends, one of which lives in South Africa.
15.5: Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds: Active and Passive
Past Active Gerund
having + past participle
Use paired conjunctions:
Jessica isn’t famous. Jessica isn’t rich.
Jessica is neither famous nor rich.
13-10: Using Which to Modify a Whole Sentence
One day it might rain cats and dogs. This would be a miracle.
One day it might rain cats and dogs which would be a miracle.
She bought three used pairs of shoes, but only one of them lasted for more than 3 months.
She bought three used pairs of shoes, only one of which lasted for more than 3 months.
15.5: Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds: Active and Passive
Past Passive infinitive
to have been + past participle
Use paired conjunctions:
Kathy plays the guitar. Kathy plays the drums.
Kathy not only plays the guitar but also the drums.)
13-11: Reducing Adjective Clauses to Phrases
Roquefort comes from France. It is a type of cheese.
Roquefort, a type of cheese, comes from France.
My friend is a famous painter. One of his paintings sold for over $50,000
My friend is a famous painter, one of whose paintings sold for over $50,000.)
15.5: Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds: Active and Passive
Past Passive Gerund
having been + past participle
Use paired conjunctions:
Italy didn’t get to the quarter finals last year. France didn’t get to the quarter finals last year
Neither Italy nor France got to the quarter finals last year.