Vocabulary
This global exchange, which began after Christopher Columbus' voyages, involved the transfer of crops, animals, diseases, and people between the Americas, Europe, and Africa, drastically altering the global economy and ecology.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This land-based empire, founded by Genghis Khan, expanded across Asia and Europe, creating one of the largest contiguous empires in history.
What is the Mongol Empire?
This land-based empire, which spanned much of the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe, reached its height under Suleiman the Magnificent and was known for its strong military and diverse cultures.
What is the Ottoman Empire?
This European maritime empire was the first to establish a direct sea route to India in the 15th century, and it built a vast trading network that spanned across Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
What is Portugal?
This English philosopher is known for his work Two Treatises of Government, where he argued that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that government should protect these rights.
Who is John Locke
This political and economic system, dominant in medieval Europe, was based on the exchange of land for military service and labor, where kings granted lands to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military support.
What is feudalism?
This trade route connected China with Europe, facilitating the exchange of goods like silk, spices, and paper, and was named after the prized commodity that traveled along it.
What is the silk roads?
This empire, centered in present-day Iran, was known for its Shia Islam faith, military prowess, and artistic achievements under rulers like Shah Abbas the Great in the 16th and 17th centuries.
What is the Safavid Empire?
These sails allowed ships to travel against the wind, aiding in long-distance voyages.
What are Lateen Sails?
This Scottish philosopher wrote The Wealth of Nations and is known as the father of modern economics, advocating for free-market capitalism and the "invisible hand" of the market.
Who is Adam Smith?
This term refers to a group of people who are forcibly displaced from their homeland, often due to war, famine, or persecution, and are dispersed across different regions or countries.
What is a diaspora?
This trade route, which ran across the Sahara Desert, connected West Africa to North Africa, enabling the exchange of gold, salt, and other goods between the two regions.
What is the Trans-Saharan Trade Route?
This empire, centered in India, was established by Babur in the early 16th century and is known for its cultural achievements, including the Taj Mahal, built by Emperor Shah Jahan.
What is the Mughal Empire?
This empire, known for its extensive naval power and exploration, established colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia during the 15th and 16th centuries, and was led by monarchs like King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
What is Spain?
The French Revolution began in 1789 with this event, where French citizens stormed a prison and symbolically attacked royal authority.
What is the Storming of the Bastille
This system, which emerged in the early modern period, allowed merchants to share the risk and rewards of investing in voyages and colonial enterprises, and it played a key role in the rise of European empires.
What are joint-stock companies?
This maritime trade route connected East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia, facilitating the movement of spices, textiles, and other luxury goods.
What is the Indian Ocean Trade Route?
This West African empire, located along the Niger River, was known for its wealth, education, and trade in gold, salt, and slaves, and was led by powerful rulers like Askia Muhammad.
What is the Songhai Empire?
This Dutch company was granted a monopoly over Asian trade by the Netherlands, helping the Dutch dominate the spice trade.
What is the The Dutch East India Company (VOC)?
The Industrial Revolution, beginning in the late 18th century, transformed economies with this type of power source, leading to the rise of factories and urbanization.
What is steam power (or coal)?
This practice, particularly in the Spanish colonies, allowed colonists to extract forced labor from indigenous people in exchange for protection and the promise of Christian conversion.
What is the encomienda system?
This ancient instrument, used for measuring the altitude of celestial bodies, helped navigators along the Silk Roads and other trade routes determine their position and direction, especially in maritime travel.
What is the astrolabe?
This German monk and scripture professor believed that salvation was through faith and faith alone, Christian beliefs should be based on the word of God in the bible NOT Christian tradition, and that the Pope doesn’t have any special authority. He also created the 95 Theses.
Who is Martin Luther?
This European-introduced disease devastated indigenous populations across the Americas.
What is smallpox?
This 19th-century revolution in this country resulted in the independence of its colonies from Spanish rule, led by figures like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.
What is the Latin American Revolutions (or the South American Revolutions)?