Mitosis
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
To produce two identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?
It produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, allowing for genetic diversity in offspring.
What is diffusion?
Answer: The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What does a Punnett square show?
Answer: The possible combinations of alleles from a genetic cross.
What is incomplete dominance?
Answer: A genetic situation where one allele does not completely dominate another, resulting in a blended phenotype.
Name the phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
Metaphase
List the stages of meiosis.
Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I) and Meiosis II (Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II)
What is osmosis?
Answer: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Define homozygous and heterozygous.
Answer: Homozygous has two identical alleles; heterozygous has two different alleles.
Give an example of codominance.
Answer: AB blood type, where both A and B alleles are expressed.
What phase does the nuclear envelope reform around the chromosomes to form two nuclei?
Telophase
How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?
Through crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes.
Describe active transport.
Answer: The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
What is the expected phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross with a heterozygous male and homozygous female?
Answer: 4:1 ratio.
What are polygenic traits?
Answer: Traits controlled by multiple genes, such as skin color or height.
How many chromosomes are present in the daughter cells after mitosis if the parent cell had 46 chromosomes?
46 chromosomes
Compare the end products of meiosis to those of mitosis.
Answer: Meiosis produces four non-identical gametes, while mitosis produces two identical daughter cells.
What role do proteins play in facilitated diffusion?
Answer: They help transport substances across the cell membrane without using energy.
What is an example (s) will show a dominant trait; Bb, bb, BB ?
BB and Bb
How can environmental factors influence phenotype?
Answer: Environmental conditions (like sunlight or temperature) can affect how genes are expressed.
What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?
In animal cells, the membrane pinches in (cleavage furrow), while in plant cells, a cell plate forms.
Explain the importance of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Answer: They allow for genetic recombination and proper segregation during gamete formation.
How does endocytosis differ from exocytosis?
Answer: Endocytosis is the process of taking materials into the cell, while exocytosis is the expulsion of materials from the cell.
Explain the law of segregation.
Answer: During gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate so that each gamete carries only one allele.
A heterozygous type A male is mates with a type O female. What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?
50% heterozygous type A and 50% type O.