Articulations
What are the three structural classifications of joint?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
What is the definition of a sarcomere?
the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber AKA the functional unit of a skeletal muscle cell
What neurotransmitter is being released into the synaptic cleft and by what?
ACh (acetylcholine)
released by somatic motor neuron
Universal donor
O negative
List the three major layers of integumentary system and tissue types (superficial to deep)
epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium), dermis (areolar CT and dense irregular CT), hypodermis (Adipose CT)
What are the functional classifications of joints and give a brief explanation of each type.
synarthrosis - immobile joint
amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable joint
diarthrosis - freely moveable joint
Compare the three different types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle - cylindric and long, multi nucleic, under voluntary control
Cardiac - branched/spilt/bifid, uninucleate, striated, involuntary/autorhythmic
Smooth - uninucleate, not striated, involuntary
Sliding filament theory: what is necessary for the actin sites to be revealed
Calcium
WBC in order from most to least common and Gary's mnemonic device
Neutrophils (~60%), lymphocytes (~30%), monocytes (~7%), eosinophils (~3%), basophils (~0.5%)
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
What is the difference between thin and thick skin and what is the name of the determining layer
Thick skin (palms and soles) has five layers, the fifth layer being the stratum lucidum
Thin skin has four layers and is everywhere else
Gomphosis is a type of what joint?
fibrous and synarthrosis (gums)
What are the four functional features of muscle
Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity
AChE (Acetylcholine Esterase) only begins to breakdown/uptake ACh (Acetylcholine) at the tail end of an impulse
NO! it is always active and clearing ACh, even when there is no synapse
Where do platelets come from
megakaryocytes
What are the two types of skin cancer discussed in class and which one is more deadly?
Basal cell carcinoma - most common, not very deadly
Melanoma - least common, very deadly (if untreated)
What are all the classifications of synovial joints?
Synovial
Uniaxial
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Multiaxial
Ball/ socket
Biaxial
Condylar
Saddle
What holds calcium in the muscle and what is that organelle's name in a non-specific cell?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Please describe the mechanism of sliding filament theory in 5-6 steps
1.) Calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum after neuromuscular synapse
2.) Calcium binds to troponin triggering conformational change in troponin
3.) Troponin pulls tropomyosin back, revealing the actin biding sites
4.) Myosin heads bind to actin binding sites forming a cross bridge
5.) ATP comes in and detaches myosin heads, effectively 're-cocking' myosin heads to bind again
6.) Once ACH stops being released at synaptic cleft, impulse will end, calcium will stop being released and muscle contraction ends
This causes the actin to slide past the myosin shortening the sarcomere and causing muscle contraction
What is the difference between antigens and antibodies
Antigen is a foreign substance that enters your body
An antibody is a protein produced by your immune system to attack and fight off these antigens
Please name the layers of the epidermis, deep to superficial
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
Name and describe (1-2 facts) the different types of arthritis
- Osteoarthritis: articular cartilage breaks down until bone is rubbing against bone, most common, "wear and tear"
– Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune and inflammatory disease
– Gouty arthritis: excess of waste product urea circulating in blood accumulates in synovial fluid and crystalizes, causing pain and swelling in joints, caused by diet and genetics
- Lyme disease: disease transmitted by deer ticks, causes many issues with swelling of joints included
What are the parts of the sarcomere (draw if you want) and which narrow during muscle contraction?
A-band: thick and thin filaments (does not narrow)
H-zone/band: thick filaments only (does narrow)
M-line: middle, does not narrow
I-band: thin filaments only (does narrow)
Z-disc: proteins that anchor thin filaments, boundaries of sarcomeres (does not narrow)
Titin: spring-like protein that anchors thick filaments to Z-disc, maintains slight overlap between thin and thick filaments (narrows)
Describe what occurs at the neuromuscular junction in 5-6 steps please
Impulse travels down motor neuron
Impulse reaches the end of neuron and causes vesicles with ACh to release ACh
ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to ACh receptors on sarcolemma of motor end plate
Binding of ACh to ACh receptors opens Na+ (sodium) ion channels causing membrane depolarization
Depolarization spreads into T-tubules and causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca+
AChE breaks down ACh in cleft and brings it back to motor neuron *
Function of *WBC, and which are granulocytes and agranulocytes
*you do not need to get into specifics of B and T lymphocytes (but study it)
Neutrophils: phagocytic, not specific, first to the site of an infection (granulocytes)
Eosinophils: Parasites and allergic responses (granulocytes)
Basophils: allergic responses; release histamine and heparin (granulocytes)
Monocytes: engulfs pathogens or debris; migrate to other tissues and become macrophages through diapedesis (agranulocytes)
Lymphocytes: defense against specific pathogens or toxins, memorization, antibody production (agranulocytes)
List the name and function of the cells in the epidermis
Keratinocytes - preserve against microbial, viral, fungal and parasitic invasion; to protect against UV radiation; and to minimize heat, solute and water loss; found in every layer and most numerous; breakdown melanin
Melanocytes - protect the skin from ultraviolet radiation; synthesizes melanin; basale
Langerhans cells - cutaneous immune system and are likely to induce the first reactions against pathogens encountered via the skin; spinosum
Merkel cells - sensory reception; important for proper neural encoding of light touch stimuli; basale