Chap 1/2
This is the name for “intentional behaviors that significantly depart from the norms of a reference group in honorable ways.”
positive deviance
This is the subset of a population.
sample
This is a state of normlessness where society fails to regulate the expectations or behaviors of its members effectively.
anomie
This is the notion that social and physical disorder leads to greater disorder and other forms of crime and deviance.
Broken Windows Theory
This person developed Differential Association Theory.
Edwin Sutherland
This is the underlying assumption of the normative/positivist conception of deviance.
A general set of norms of behavior, conduct, and conditions on which we can agree.
This research format is considered the "gold standard."
experiments
These subcultures develop in disorganized communities where illegitimate opportunities are largely absent, and those that exist are closed to adolescents.
conflict subcultures
This theory was developed to explain patterns of deviance and crime across social locations, such as neighborhoods.
Social Disorganization Theory
This is the first proposition of Differential Association Theory.
Criminal behavior is learned.
These are the three types of norms.
folkways, mores, laws
These are the two ends of the field research spectrum.
pure observation and participant observation
These are Merton's five adaptations to strain.
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
Shaw and McKay highlighted these three factors as characteristics of neighborhoods with high delinquency rates.
poverty, population turnover, racial/ethnic heterogeneity
According to Akers, the definition of a behavior can be distinguished into these three types.
favorable, neutralizing, reproachful
These are the two types of physical deviance.
violations of aesthetic norms and physical incapacity
These are the structured committees associated with universities and other research organizations that are set up to protect human subjects.
Institutional Review Boards
This is the idea that the exaggerated emphasis on economic success in the United States has bled into other social institutions.
institutional anomie theory
In their analysis, Shaw and McKay showed that rates of delinquency as measured across five of these.
concentric zones
In his development of Social Learning Theory, Akers added this concept to Differential Association Theory.
operant conditioning or reinforcement
These are the three types of harm resulting from elite deviance.
physical harms, financial harms, moral harms
These are two sources of secondary data available for content analysis.
The Uniform Crime Report and the National Incident-Based Reporting System, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Monitoring the Future, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
In 2008, a study analyzed the abuse at this prison in Iraq using Durkheim’s concept of anomie.
Abu Ghraib
Along with trust, this condition between neighbors was seen as necessary for residents to be willing to intervene for the common good.
social cohesion
Sykes and Matza argue that we can silence our internalized norms through these techniques of neutralization.
the denial of responsibility, the denial of injury, the denial of victim, the condemnation of the condemners, the appeal to higher loyalties