The concentration of Hydrogen (H+, adds acidity) and hydroxide (OH-, makes more basic) ions in an aqueous solution.
What is pH?
100
The purpose of this is to stabilize atoms, by filling the outer shell of electrons in the atom (a.k.a. gaining its valence, the number of atoms needed to fill the shell).
What is bonding?
100
A functional group that has the structure seen at this link http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/mol/glossary/carboxyl.gif (consists of carbon, double-bonded O2 and hydroxide). It gives acidity and is found in fatty acids and amino acids.
What is carboxyl?
100
The monomers of lipids that are made of a carboxyl group that imparts acidity and a hydrocarbon chain.
The kingdom that includes ameba, paramecium, algae, and protazoans. They are multicellular heterotrophs with no tissue differentiation.
What is Protista?
200
Chemical bonding in which an atom gives up one or more electrons to another, and becomes attracted to the other because they are oppositely charged. This type of bond dissociates frequently, as in the example of sodium chloride (table salt).
What is an ionic bond?
200
Four types of this are starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin.
What is a polysaccharide?
200
This fatty acid has doubles bonds between carbons in its hydrocarbon chain and two less hydrogen atoms, making "kinks" or places where the chain bends. This causes the lipid to be less dense and liquid at room temp. It is relatively healthy when eaten.
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
200
This kind of organic molecule controls the primary structure of proteins: they create the "recipes" for more than 100,000 kinds of proteins. DNA and RNA are important examples.
What are nucleic acids?
300
An large organic molecule that is the ______ of smaller, identical organic molecules: examples are fatty acids to lipides, proteins to amino acids, polysaccharides to monosaccharides, and DNA and RNA to nucleic acids.
What is a polymer?
300
They create the surface tension of water; they are loose connections between a certain type of molecule, caused by the polarity of water.
What are hydrogen bonds?
300
Single, simple sugars that contain 3-7 carbons, including glucose, fructose, and galactose (the monomer of lactose, the sugar in milk).
What are monosaccharides?
300
The healthiest kind of unsaturated fatty acids, which includes olive oil and oleic acid. It has just one double bond.
What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?
300
This type of covalent bond links two amino acids together. It forms between the hydroxide in the carboxyl group and the Nitrogen in the amino group (see picture from 100 point question).
What is a peptide bond?
400
The making and breaking of bonds, which requires enzymes.
What is a chemical reaction?
400
A substance that keeps the pH in a cell constant (pepsin, in the digestive process) is an example.
What is a buffer?
400
When two glucose molecules bond to make a disaccharide. Because the valence is full, atoms must be taken away in order to bond. These atoms are an H (hydrogen) and an OH (hydroxide) that bond to form H2O (a.k.a. water), as a biproduct.
What is a condensation reaction?
400
The process that makes trans fats, by adding hydrogen atoms to the missing spaces on the hydrocarbon chains of unsaturated fatty acids.
What is hydrogenation?
400
The level of protein structure that bonds R groups together, and creates the overall structure of a protein. 2 things can break them apart, or denature them: temperature and change in pH. (There are four levels of structure.)
What is tertiary structure?
500
A disaccharide (especially maltose, C12H22O11+H2O) and water splits into two glucose molecules. The reverse of a condensation reaction.
What is hydrolysis?
500
When polarity causes molecules (such as sodium chloride, NaCl and NaOH, sodium hydroxide, in water) to break into separate ions (in these cases, Na+ and either Cl- or OH-).
What is dissociation?
500
The polysaccharide that animals use for quick energy, although protein is the primary site of energy storage.
What is glycogen?
500
A lipid made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, which are bonded to each other by a condensation reaction (H + OH = H2O). Examples are fats, oils, and waxes.
What is a triglyceride?
500
An organic molecule made of proteins and lipids. Examples are HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) and LDLs (low-density lipoproteins), which are used in the transport of liquids. (Cholesterol is also transported by these, and high levels of LDLs indicate high cholesterol and increased risk of heart attack, whereas high levels of HDLs indicate low cholesterol, just in case you were interested.)