Unit 1
What research method requires observing the subject in their natural environment?
Naturalistic observation
What depressant can disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters in your brain and affect your feelings, thoughts and behaviour.
Alcohol
What is the snail shell shape part of the ear called?
The Cochlea
A experiment done to condition dogs into salivating when they hear a bell
Pavlov's Dogs- if a particular stimulus in the dog's surroundings was present when the dog was given food then that stimulus could become associated with food and cause salivation on its own.
Name the 2 types of Amnesia we learned
Retrograde amnesia- when you can't recall memories from your past.
Anterograde amnesia- when you can't form new memories but can still remember things from before you developed this amnesia.
What perspective of Psychology did Freud focus on the most?
Psychodynamic (a type of psychotherapy that attempts to explore the patient's unconscious thoughts and emotions so that the person is better able to understand him- or herself.)- will also accept psychoanalysis
What 2 areas of the brain affect speech production and language comprehension?
Broca's and Wernicke's area
What 2 parts of the eyes control shades of light and dark and color?
Rods and Cones
Whenever Kylah's students behave well, she reduces their amount of homework for that night. This is an example of what aspect of operant conditioning?
Negative reinforcement.
What are three main processes that characterize how memory works?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval (or recall).
What are the 2 measures of center?
Mean & Median
How do Neurons communicate?
What are the 2 types of cues that help us with depth preception?
Binocular and Monocular cues
what schedule of reinforcement do slot machines use?
variable ratio
When students took the math assessment, their scores were very similar to their scores from the first time they took it. Is this reliability or validity? And what type?
test-retest reliability
Name the 7 perspectives of Psychology
Cognitive (focuses on how internal thoughts and feelings influence one's behavior.)
Behavioral (focuses on Observable Behavior)
Psychodynamic (emphasizes unconscious psychological processes)
Humanistic (the positive image of what it means to be human)
Biological (looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior.)
Socio-cultural (focuses on human behavior examined within a social context of culture and socialization.)
Evolutionary (focuses on how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time)
Name 6 if the 8 Neurotransmitters
Glutamate (Glu)
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Dopamine (DA) & Adrenaline
Name 3 types of Monocular cues
Interposition- objects overlapping, we view the object that is doing the overlapping as being closer
Linear Perspective- lines converging=distance
Relative Height- Things at a distance look like their base is higher.
Relative Motion/Motion Parallax- When the viewer is moving, stationary objects appear to move in different directions and at different speeds depending on their location.
Light and Shadow- nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes, dimmer seems farther
Relative Size- Objects farther away from other objects are smaller
A researcher notices that each time she makes a loud noise her research subject jumps. The researcher then shines a bright light before making a loud noise. After a few pairings she notices that her research subject jumps when only the light is flashed.
What is the UCS, UCR, NS/CS, and CR?
UCS- Loud Noise
UCR- Fear/Jumping
NS/CS- Bright Light
CR- Fear/Jumping
Name the 6 stages of language development
Babbling stage- a stage of early language development when baby makes consonant-vowel or vowel-consonant sounds,
Holophrastic (one-word) Stage- the use of a single word to express a complex idea, especially by young children when they are learning to talk
Two-Word/Telegraphic Stage- In this stage, children begin stringing more than two words together, perhaps three or four or five at a time.
Overextension- the tendency of very young children to extend the use of a word beyond the scope of its specific meaning, such as by referring to all animals as “doggie.”
Underextension-when a child acquires a word for a particular thing and fails to extend it to other objects in the same category, using the word in a highly restricted and individualistic way.
Overgeneralization/overregularization- occurs when a child uses the wrong word to name an object
BONUS!- What substance did Freud like to 'experiment' with?
Cocaine
Name 3 different types substances and their affect on the brain/behavior
Stimulants- A type drug that speed up messages travelling between the brain and body. They can make a person feel more awake, alert, confident or energetic.
Depressants- substances reduce arousal and stimulation. They can affect concentration and coordination and slow down a person’s ability to respond to unexpected situations. In small doses, they can cause a person to feel more relaxed and less inhibited.
Hallucinogens- psychedelic drugs that can potentially change the way people see, hear, taste, smell or feel, and also affect mood and thought.
Opioid- block pain signals between the brain and the body.
The audible range for humans is _____
20-20,000 Hz
The social learning theory was developed by_____ using what type of experiment?
Psychologist Albert Bandura. He conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment to support his theory, which showed that children learn aggressive behaviors by observing adult models.
Name 5 of the 9 types of intelligence Howard Gardener created
Naturalistic, Musical, Logical–mathematical, Existential, Interpersonal, Linguistic, Bodily–kinaesthetic, Intra–personal and Spatial intelligence.