Types of AI
Popular from 1956 to 1974, this approach to AI relies on representations of problems, logic, and search.
What is GOFAI/Symbolic AI?
A condition that is required for an event to occur, but may not guarantee that the event will occur.
What is a Necessary Condition?
Rules that are always true and apply in all circumstances
Categorical Rules
"The world is its own best model."
Who is Rodney Brooks?
A program passes this test if the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine apart from the human.
What is the Turing Test (of indistinguishability)?
Machine learning that uses structures similar to neurons and synapses to model and solve complex problems.
What are Neural Networks/Deep Learning?
A condition which on its own guarantees that an event occurs.
What is a Sufficient Condition?
Rules phrased in "If-Then" statements.
What are Hypothetical or Conditional Rules?
“The expert is simply not following any rules!”
Who is Hubert Dreyfus & Stuart Dreyfus?
Multiple interpretations are plausible for a use of a word (for example, "machine" and "think" in "Can Machines Think?")
What is Ambiguity?
Advocated for by Rodney Brooks, this type of AI emphasizes the importance of a system being embodied in and attuned with its environment.
What is Behavioral AI?
The truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusion.
What are Deductive Arguments?
Immanual Kant has a categorical rule of ethics that can be summarized using this three-word phrase.
What is "Respect for Persons"?
"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or the person of any other, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end."
Who is Immanuel Kant?
A drawback of deep learning because there is no easily interpretable reason or justification for why the system made the decisions that it did.
What is Opaque?
These systems use human knowledge to solve specific, narrowly defined problems. MYCIN is an example of one.
What are Expert Systems?
Arguments where the premises make the conclusion likely, but do not guarantee it.
What are Inductive Arguments?
A sign that says "No Vehicles Permitted in Park" is an example of this.
Exception Permitting Rules
"Intelligence is determined by the dynamics of interaction with the world."
Who is Rodney Brooks?
He argued that language is at least in part innate (= provided by our nature).
Who is Noam Chomsky?
A combination of behavioral and knowledge-based approaches, this type of AI is reactive, proactive, and social.
What is Agent-Based AI?
An argument that is valid and the premises are true.
What is Deductively Sound?
The following is an example of this:
The city councilors refused the demonstrators a permit because they feared violence
The city councilors refused the demonstrators a permit because they advocated violence
What are Winograd Sentences?
"Evolution does not produce novelties from scratch. It works on what already exists, either transforming a system to give it new functions or combining several systems to produce a more elaborate one."
Who is François Jacob?
A function on the natural numbers can be calculated if and only if it is Turing Computable.
What is the Computability Thesis (aka the Church-Turing Thesis)?