According to Fisher and Sanneh, these three stages describe the mechanism and process over time for the adoption of Islam in Africa (Quintin)
What are quarantine, mixing, and reform
100
This first muezzin became on of the Prophet's closest companions after being ransomed from slavery by Abu Bakr. Founders of the Malian Empire trace their lineage to him. (Quintin)
Who is Bilal
100
This term is used to refer to the Muslim community at large. (Maggie)
What is the umma/ummah?
100
This nomadic group was located across northern Africa and eventually became part of the Umayyad Caliphate. ("us")
What are the Berbers?
100
This area of North Africa borders the Mediterranean Sea. (Maggie)
What is the Maghrib?
200
What is this process by which recognizable Islamic forms appeared in and influenced African culture? One example of this was the alteration of naming celebrations during Ramadan. (Quintin)
What is Islamization
200
This Islamic scholar trained in the Maliki school was a world traveler and prolific writer, visiting places as far away as China and producing an important account of the 14th-century world. (Quintin)
Who is Ibn Battutua
200
These are recordings of the words, actions, and habits of Muhammad, often referred to as the model for rightly living as a devout Muslim. (Maggie)
What is hadith?
200
This Berber Shi'a dynasty, centered in Egypt developed Cairo as a center of learning at the turn of the first millennia and ultimately established it as their capital. Their name came from a significant member of Muhammad's family. ("us")
What are the Fatimids?
200
This important center of trade and culture was established by the Fatimid Caliphate.
What is Cairo?
300
This process involved the "rooting" of Islamic practice in African culture, adopting the practice to the local environment in the process. Examples of this include the ritual mudding of some African mosques and the inclusion of Quranic verses in amulets. (Quintin)
What is Africanization
300
This Malian ruler made a famous hajj, bringing scholars and craftsmen on his return and establishing Timbuktu as a vital center of learning. (Quintin)
Who is Mansa Musa
300
This is the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib (later renamed Medina) following persecution by the Quraysh. (Maggie)
What is the hijra?
300
This group, and their many rubut (s. ribat), was located in Morocco and established an empire in the 11th century spurred by the scholar Ibn Yasin. ("us")
What are the Almoravids?
300
This river dominates west Africa and is an important source of water and irrigation for agriculture. (Maggie)
What is the Niger River?
400
This theory of conversion put forward by Horton proposes that adoption of Islam in Africa was primarily a top-down process, with leaders with more contact with traveling scholars and the outside world being the primary adopters? (Quintin)
What is the intellectualist theory of conversion (tiers and spheres)
400
This Caliph of Sokoto was a close friend of Uthman dan Fodio and a zealous reformer, ruling from 1817 to 1837. Many of his practices such as his building of many ribat along the borders were heavily influenced by classic Islamic Arabic literature. (Quintin)
Who is Muhammad Bello
400
These are Muslim scholars of Islamic law, theology, and practice. (Maggie)
What is the ulama?
400
This is a caliphate that grew from the Qurayshi tribe -- gee they were swell. Founded by Muawiya following conflict over the issue of succession, they began the process of Arabization in North Africa and preceded the Abbasid Caliphate. ("us")
What are the Umayyads?
400
North of modern day Nigeria, this independent Islamic Caliphate was comprised primarily of conquered Hausa states. (Maggie)
What is the Sokoto Caliphate?
500
This model by Levtzion of the practice of Islam in the pre-reform era in Africa proposes a continuum between two absolute poles: clerics with no Islamic knowledge focused on "magico-religious practices" and scholars heavily educated in "pure" Islam. (Quintin)
What is the two pole model
500
This Berber seer and priestess led a military resistance to the expanding Umayyad Caliphate during the late 7th century. (Quintin)
Who is al-Kahina
500
This term is used by Muslims to refer to unbelievers, especially those who have committed shirk (ie polytheism; associating anyone with god). (Maggie)
What is kaffir/kufr?
500
This group contributed to the decentralization of Islam as Sunni, Shi'a, and Kharijite factions sought autonomy and began establishing small fiefdoms. This group, which succeeded the Umayyad Caliphate, was based in Baghdad. ("us")
What are the Abbasids?
500
North of the Niger River, this city was an important trading post and later center of Islamic scholarship. (Maggie)