Chapter 1
True or False: Extra-legal factors are things outside the law that are not supposed to influence criminal justice policy.
True
What age range do drug use trends indicate is peak for marijuana?
Ages 18-22
In terms of voter participation, which demographic is typically overrepresented among voters?
Older, wealthier individuals
The concept of 'social disorganization theory' primarily links crime to which community characteristic?
Weak social ties and community organization
Which component of community corrections involves the use of technology for monitoring offenders?
Electronic monitoring and house arrest
What type of system disproportionately affects the poor?
Bail system
Labeling theory suggests that being labeled 'delinquent' can have what effect on a youth?
Reinforcing a criminal identity
What is the primary function of substantive criminal law?
To define what actions are illegal and legal
Based on the self-reported data, who is more likely to smoke?
Whites
What does procedural justice promise in the context of the correctional system?
Fair treatment under the law
______ is a group of individuals sharing one or more adaptations to a specific environment. Ex: inner city Blacks, rural Whites
Ecotype
Which social factor has been primarily linked to crime disparities, according to the text?
Economic disadvantage
What does sociological representation in the context of lawmaking refer to?
Lawmakers sharing similar backgrounds with constituents
According to the powerpoint from Chapter 6, who had higher rates of homicide?
African Americans
The correctional system in the United States is primarily structured around which two modalities?
Institutional and community corrections
Sentencing disparities reveal how these two things reinforce systemic inequality?
Implicit bias and discretion
What type of crime is primarily associated with acts committed by professionals during the course of their work?
White-collar crime
What is a significant issue with the role of money in lawmaking?
It can distort policy priorities towards the wealthy’s interests
What is the subculture of violence?
certain groups or communities, violence is part of the accepted cultural norms and values (it is learned, expected, and respected).
What is one primary focus of community corrections?
Rehabilitation and supervision of offenders in the community
______ _______ is categories of race created and reinforced by societies, often to
justify inequality and systems of power.
Social Construction
Which theory posits that delinquent behaviors are learned through social interactions with peers?
Social Learning Theory
Super PACs are known for what key feature?
Unlimited spending to influence elections
The differential selection hypothesis primarily addresses which aspect of the criminal justice system?
Discrimination in the criminal justice system
George Stinney Jr.'s case is significant for illustrating which issue within the correctional system?
Racial injustice in capital punishment