Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Learning
Memory
Research Methods
100
This is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the following example: Every time someone flushes a toilet in your apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes you to jump back. Over time, you begin to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.
What is hot water?
100
This is the type of consequence (+/- reinforcement or punishment) in the following example: A professor has a policy of exempting students from the final exam if they maintain perfect attendance during the quarter. His students’ attendance increases dramatically.
What is negative reinforcement?
100
Issac used this type of learning when he experienced a road block on the way to work. He deviated off of this normal path onto a road that he had driven on before, but didn't remember knowing until he needed to use it to bypass the construction.
What is latent learning?
100
These three elements are the order in which information is input, saved, and called back into consciousness.
What is encoding, storage, and retrieval?
100
In an investigation of the effects of caffeine on concentration, half the participants were given regular colas which contained caffeine and half were given decaffeinated colas. In this study, participants who received decaffeinated colas are in this group
What is control?
200
It is the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response in the following example: You eat a Spicy Curry at the local Indian restaurant and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.
What is the flu and feeling sick?
200
This is the type of consequence (positive/negative reinforcement or punishment) in the following example: A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.
What is positive reinforcement?
200
The contingency theory emphasizes that antecedents allow the organism to do this to the consequences.
What is predict?
200
According to the Atkinson-Schiffrin model, this is the order in which information passes through the three stores.
What is sensory store, short term memory, and long term memory?
200
A group of researchers is investigating the effects of gingko biloba on memory. During the first part of the study the animals learn to run a maze while they are not receiving the supplement; in the second part of the study the animals learn to run a different maze while they are receiving the supplement. In each case the researchers count how many trials it takes before the animals can run the maze pattern without making any errors. In this study, this is the independent variable.
What is gingko biloba?
300
It is the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, and the conditioned stimulus in the following example: An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.
What is injections, increased heart rate, and the sight of the small room?
300
This is the a, b, and c of the following situation: Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.
What is knowing that the red light blinks annoyingly when seat belts are unbuckled, buckling your seat belt, red light is taken away.
300
This type of psychologist believes that only pairing of stimuli matters with regards to learning.
What is a behavioral psychologist?
300
Jane is trying to remember as much information from her Introduction to Psychology class as she can. As a result, she comes up with mnemonics to remember the stages of operant and classical conditioning. Jane is engaging in this kind of memory strategy.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
300
The FDA found that people who used a particular diet drug combination had more heart valve defects than people who had not taken the diet drug combination. This suggests that the use of the diet drug combination and heart valve defects have this type of relationship.
What is a positive correlation?
400
An example of this principle follows: Your romantic partner loves Herbal Essences Raspberry Infusion shampoo everyday. Soon, the smell of Raspberry infusion makes you feel happy. You know your partner and their shampoo so well, though, that this only occurs for Raspberry Infusion and not for cheap off brand raspberry shampoos.
What is stimulus discrimination?
400
This is the type of reinforcement schedule in the following example: Damian loves making paper airplanes. Seeing them fly makes Damian incredibly happy. Although he tries to make them all perfectly, sometimes they just won't fly. He makes more and more, in hopes that as many as possible will fly.
What is variable ratio schedule?
400
This concept underscores why taste aversion and fear responses to things that might cause bodily harm arise.
What is survival adaptation?
400
Hank is a film major. He knows everything about movies from the set development to screenplays. As a result of this previous experience, Hank can use this type of memory strategy to group like pieces of information and increase his capacity in immediate memory.
What is chunking?
400
Although there might be a relationship between two variables, these three things are the reason that you cannot attribute cause-and-effect to correlational relationships
What is no random assignment, no control or experimental groups, and no control of other possible causes.
500
An example of this principle follows: You love potato chips, especially Kettle Brand Salt & Vinegar variety. Every time you hear the bag rustle as you go to open it, your mouth waters. Soon enough, just the sight of the blue bag makes you think of it rustling, which in turn causes you to salivate.
What is higher-order learning?
500
This is the type of reinforcement schedule exemplified in the following example: Judy studies all the time. She knows that sometimes her professors give pop quizzes to test her knowledge, but she never knows when, so she always makes sure that she is prepared for the next pop quiz.
What is variable interval?
500
Ethel wants to grow up and run her family orchard. When she was really young, she watched her father and mother picking apples at just the right time. When she was a little older, she listening to them as they described why they picked some apples while leaving others on the tree. When she was a little older, she started picking apples only from trees that her parents knew had all ripe apples. Then she progressed to smaller sections of the orchard. Now, at 15, she can pick any tree anywhere. These two principles explain this type of learning?
What is observational learning and shaping?
500
Wearing two different shoes represents a failure in encoding, because the person did not notice that her shoes were different when she left her house. The example with the gorilla and basketball team is another type of encoding failure called this.
What is inattentional blindness?
500
Dr. Jacobsen is investigating the link between social support networks and grades in school. Students in his classes are required to complete survey forms related to this research; however they are never told about the purpose of the survey. In this case, some researchers might argue that Dr. Jacobsen's research violates the these two ethical principles.
What are informed consent and debriefing (full disclosure)?
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