Topic 4
A formation within a eukaryotic cell that is formed by two concentric lipid bilayer membranes.
What is a nuclear envelope?
This segment of DNA is created by by DNA polymerase on the lagging strand.
What is an okazaki fragment?
Organelle containing rRNA genes, precursor rRNAs, mature rRNAs, snoRNAs, Assembly factors (ATPase, GTPASE, protein kinases and RNA helicases) robosmal proteins and partial ribosomes.
What is the nucleolus?
The two adaptors that act to translate the genetic code
What is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA molecule (synthetase must act first)
This structure is an octamer of these protein subunits: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
What is a histone core?
This enzyme synthesizes RNA primers on the lagging strand.
What is DNA primase?
Signal consisting of twofold DNA sequence and row of A-T nucleotides. Once transcoded, RNA folds into “hairpin like structure”
What is a terminator?
2D structure resembles a four leaf clover and contains 3 loop regions and a single stranded stem. Middle loop and stem are important to protein synthesis and translation.
What is transfer RNA, or tRNA?
The structural segment of a histone is important for chromatin structure and covalent modifications.
What is a N terminal histone tail?
This eukaryotic proofreading mechanism involves the proteins MutS and MutL.
What is strand directed mismatch repair?
The role of general transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription
What are TFIID, TFIIB, and TFIIA (position eukaryotic RNA polymerase at promoter), TFIIE (attracts and regulates TFIIH), and TFIIH (pulls apart DNA to start transcription, and releases RNA pol from promoter to start elongation)
The process that prevents Damaged RNA and nucleotides that cause ribosome stalling from being translated
What is ribosome-associated quality control?
This highly condensed form of chromatin is permanently condensed.
What is constitutive heterochromatin?
This structure is formed by shelterin to “hide” the ends of chromosomes.
What is T(telomere)-loop?
Phosphotase removes phosphate from triphosphate on 5’end if RNA molecule, gaunyl transferase adds GMO in reverse linkage to 5’ diphosphate produced, followed by methyl transferase adding a methyl group to the new gaunosine.
What is the capping on the 5’ end?
the first acts as a backup check to codon-anticodon attachment and increased accuracy in the aminoacyl-tRNA binding, while the second realigns E, P and A sites for the next amino acylated tRNA to be bound.
What are the elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-G?
This protein complex spreads heterochromatin-specific histone tail modifications until it encounters a barrier.
What is a reader-writer complex?
This catabolic reaction is used to lock the sliding clamp in place around the DNA and release the clamp loader.
What is ATP hydrolysis?
The key protein and RNA components involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
What is the spliceosome, specifically U1 snRNP, U2 snRNP, U4 snRNP, U5 snRNP, and U6 snRNP?
The codon sequences for initiator tRNA and any/all stop codons.
What are AUG, and UAA, UAG, and/or UGA?