Week 9 - control of Gene expression I
This is a motif that binds cis-regulatory sequences that consists of 2 alpha helices that are held at a fixed angle that looks like a "turn".
What are helix-turn-helix proteins?
This type of gene regulation changes gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.
What is epigenetic regulation?
These two major classes of phospholipids make up the bulk of biological membranes.
What are Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids?
For every ___ molecule(s) of ATP hydrolyzed by the Na+K+ pump, ___ sodium ions are pumped out and ___ potassium ions are pumped in.
What is 1 ATP molecule, 3 sodium ions, and 2 potassium ions?
A set of genes in bacteria that work together to break down lactose and is typically in the "OFF" state when glucose and lactose are present.
What is Lac operon?
The addition of methyl groups to DNA, often leading to gene silencing.
What is DNA methylation?
This property of phospholipids -having both water‑loving and water‑fearing regions -drives their organization in water and enables membrane formation.
What is amphiphilic?
Transporter involved in the transfer of one solute strictly depending on the transport of a second co-transported ion in the SAME direction as the transported molecule
What is a symporter?
This type of small RNA protects the genome by silencing transposable elements, especially in germ cells.
What is piRNA.
Switches "off" the tryptophan genes in bacteria in the presence of tryptophan and turns back "on" genes when tryptophan is removed.
What is tryptophan repressor?
This process allows one gene to produce multiple protein variants by rearranging exons.
What is alternative splicing
These enzymes catalyze the flip-flop of phospholipids from one monolayer to another.
What are Flipases and scramblases?
Molecules with the highest rate of diffusion across the synthetic bilayer
What are hydrophobic molecules?
O2, CO2, N2, steroid hormones
The amino acid (2 of the same) thought to tether a central water molecule of an aquaporin so both oxygen is occupied
What is asparagine?
____ play a role in triggering changes to chromatin structure and loosen up the DNA as a result.
What are activators?
A protein complex that uses small RNAs to target and silence specific mRNAs.
What is RNA induced silencing complex.
This distribution of lipids allows for the development of functionally important raft domains.
What is lateral distribution?
The flow of any inorganic ion through a membrane channel is driven by its ____
What is electrochemical gradient?
To restrict the lateral mobility of membrane proteins in human red blood cells, this is in place to confine membrane domains to corals.
What is the Spectrin-based cytoskeleton?
DNA elements that prevent cis-regulatory elemnets from activating any gene on the chromosome.
What are insulators?
This long noncoding RNA is responsible for coating and inactivating one X chromosome in female mammals.
What is Xist RNA.
This is used in order to solubilize membrane proteins, and the mild nonionic ones allow for proper folding for functional studies.
What are detergents?
The channel type that converts chemical signals to electrical signals at chemical synapses
What are transmitter-gated ion channels?