Social/Emotional
According to Piaget, playing peek-a-boo, helps develop this sensorimotor phenomena.
What is object permanence?
Objects are initially extensions of their selves; with eventually then acknowledging their external environment.
They start to understand and have fun with knowing that an object, like the parents face, if hidden, IT'S OK! They will reappear!
There are 6 stages of the sensorimotor stage: each stage is progressive and builds on the next. This is from birth to 2 years.
Eventually the child starts to put things together. I see a spoon and bowl! I am going to eat!
By 9 months, we would expect the infant to have mastered these sounds.
What is "oooo" or "aahh"? AND blowing "raspberries" and possibly "mamama" and "bababa"?
4 months milestone - Cooing is "ooo" and "aahh"
6 month milestone - Raspberries: are sticking out their tongue to and blowing to making a sound.
9 month milestone - Sounds like "mamamama" and "babababa"
12 months milestone - "mama" and/or "dada"
This step is described by Erikson as a time of a baby learning through their needs being met.
What is Trust vs. Mistrust?
An infant developmental strengthens from the head to the toes, and from the proximal to the distal.
What is cephalocaudal growth and proximodistal pattern?
Categories affecting growth and development
This is the reasoning of why an infant can lift their head, then their chest, and then they sit first with assistance then pull up to a stand.
GREAT exercise: TUMMY TIME!
2 months -holds head up, wobbles will open hand and will grasp at items
4 months - hold head without support from the parent and can hold a toy that is put in their hand
6 months - rolls from tummy to back, push's up with straight arms when on their tummy, and sits by leaning on their hands
12 months - they sit by themselves, and can easily move items from one hand to another
Providing toys that are larger than the trachea, are given to a child to prevent this.
What is choking?
Avoid choking hazards like hot dogs, grapes, marshmallows, nuts, and candies.
Age 1 to 6 years
Appropriate toys are to provided
According to Erikson, the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage this age group will test their abilities, test their independence and their boundaries.
What is a Toddler?
Ages 1 1/2-3 years.
'I'm a BIG kid now!" and a lot of NO's!
Also known as the terrible 2's and sometimes 3's!
Along with the desire to control their environments - This is also a time of them wanting to control body - so potty training is also during this time!
They will also have the anatomy control to achieve this.
The age group says about 50 words, and says two or more words together.
What is a 30 month old toddler?
2 years:
30 month milestones:
According to Piaget, this age group are rationale thinkers that have the potential for mature reasoning?
What is Adolescents?
Formal Operations Stage
Uses rational thinking. Reasoning is deductive and futuristic.
Developmental Phenomena:
Abstract logic
Potential for mature reasoning
The best method of assessing if a patient with a new colostomy will be able to care for themselves when they are discharged home?
What is purposeful demonstration?
Psychomotor Domain:
Examples:
This is #1 safety concern leading to accidental death for children aged 1 to 4 years.
What is Drownings?
Monitor children around any water source - including buckets and dog bowls
Remove toys from pools
At this age group, during Kohlberg's theory of moral development, there is a desire by the child to please their parents and family by following the rules and trying to do actions that are considered good.
What is preconventional?
Infants are a blank slate, no moral influences
This age group should have mastered being able to hold a conversation that has at least two back-and-forth exchanges.
What is a Pre-Schooler?
Toddler - age 3 -
For a pre-school child, knowing this, will assist the providing in deciding which learning resources to use while teaching how to give a shot of insulin.
What is pretend, or imaginary play?
Active imagination; may believe in mythical figures (e.g., monsters).
•Literal thinking — they take words at face value.
• Learn best through play, stories, and visual examples.
• Use coloring books, toys, or puppets to explain procedures.
• Role-play on a doll or stuffed animal to teach or reduce fear
The repetition of encouraging the patient to take his own blood sugar level prior to each meal is encouraging this one of the five rights of teaching.
What is Right Method?
Purposeful demonstration is not meant to be one and done!
To reinforce the purposeful demonstration.
This is also followed with feedback from the nurse.
The screening of feet by a person who has diabetes, is this preventative health action.
What is tertiary preventative care?
Diabetic foot screenings are to prevent the ulcers, infection, and amputation in patients with diabetes
Tertiary prevention focuses on treating and maintaining:
Foot screening is considered a tertiary prevention measure, one that minimizes the problems with foot ulcers, an effect of diabetic disease and disability.
Primary - The nurse knows to teach the importance of safety equipment to school-aged children is this type of health prevention care.
Secondary - involves screenings -
Blood pressure & diabetes screenings
Mammogram or colonoscopy
Considering the Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority, this child learns socially by joining groups, clubs, and/or sports?
Who are school-age children?
Ages 6-12 years.
Children busily learn to be competent and productive in mastering new skills.
They enjoy rules, doing homework!
Person with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD):
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS & EDUCATION for ASD patient:
• Introduce new stimuli slowly and in short exposures to build tolerance.
• Respect sensory boundaries—avoid overwhelming stimuli (bright lights, loud sounds).
• Use structured routines and clear communication.
• Focus on strengths and interests to build confidence.
• Encourage participation in play or activities that involve motion or rhythm (e.g., rocking chair, sensory swing).
The essential communication resource for a patient who has English as a second language is with the use of the resource.
What is the use of an interpreter?
Sensory is one barrier to teaching- this could also be the printed resources are printed too small for an elderly person to read.
Teaching barriers environmental, emotional, physical.
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES:
Environmental: noisy environments
Emotional: the mom is anxious about learning how to give an insulin shot to their child
Physical: A person with arthritis being asked to complete an insulin shot
Older adults experience declines in their short-term memory and requiring longer periods of time to process information is the starting signs of dementia.
True or False
What is FALSE?
Normal part of aging and wear and tear on the body:
Speak clearly and slowly
Give time for replies
Give as much independence as possible in tasks.
In the middle adult years, chronic diseases emerge as a major health problem, when done annually this secondary health prevention can identify these chronic diseases early.
What is annual physical assessments?
The most common chronic diseases are cancer, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
Middle adults should undergo an annual physical exam. In addition to height, weight, BMI, and vital signs, the exam should include the following:
Lipid panel screening
Blood glucose screening
Clinical breast and pelvic examination for women
Annual or biannual mammogram for women
Digital rectal exam for prostate evaluation in men should be offered but not routinely done
Annual eye exam
Colorectal cancer screening
Osteoporosis screening
Young adults should continue to have annual physical examinations, for females this would also include which additional pelvic examination?
What is Pap smear?
Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt treatment of disease, aiming to catch illnesses in the early stages before complications develop.
Women should begin having Pap tests by age 21 and have repeat tests every 2 to 3 years;
This "domain of learning" describes the patients emotional readiness to learn how to self-administer insulin to themselves.
What is the affective domain of learning?
Affective Domain:
Psychomotor Domain:
Cognitive Domain:
Motivation is a part of this one of the 5 rights of teaching,
To motivate the patient, a matter-of-fact discussion is provided by the nurse. For example, for a patient with hypertension who does not take the blood pressure medication as ordered. The nurse may state specific physiological effects that may occur.
What is the right content?
In order to motivate, determine the right content to speak about.
To motivate specifically - state the facts. What will be the consequences of not following through with orders given.
In reference to the 5 rights of teaching, this right applies to planning the learning objectives in which the priorities of the patient and the nurse are discussed so gain buy-in from the patient.
What is the right goal?
Which of the five rights of teaching are a barrier to learning that could hindering the learning of new material, where the TV is on, while family are speaking within the room, the door is open, and the patient is eating their lunch.
What is the right context?
A nurse attempting to teach wound care to a patient who has just woken after surgery, and has a pain level of 10 out of 10 is a barrier to this one of the 5 rights of teaching?
What is the right time?