Tear it up
Rock On
I feel the earth move
Supply and Demand
Effectively Ruining the Environment
100
restoring and repairing land disturbed by mining
What is reclamation?
100
cooled magma
What is igneous rock?
100
part of the mantle under the rigid outermost part that is hot partly melted pliable rock that flows and can be deformed like soft plastic
What is the aesthenosphere?
100
How long it takes to use up a certain proportion (usually 80%) of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use
What is depletion time?
100
machines dig holes and remove ores, sand, gravel and stone
What is open pit mining
200
Mining companies buy public land cheap under this law and the law does not require these companies to pay for the clean up--US citizens have to
What is the General Mining Law of 1872?
200
deposited in layers; stratified
What is sedimentary rock
200
thin top layer, covers 71% of the earth's surface
What is oceanic crust?
200
no recycling, no reuse and no increase in reserves
What is the shortest depletion time (or shortest depletion time curve)?
200
useful & economical for extracting mineral deposits that lie close to the earth's surface in large horizontal beds
What is strip mining?
300
Least environmentally harmful type of mining
What is subsurface mining?
300
physical, biological and chemical processes that breakdown rocks and minerals into smaller particles
What is weathering?
300
huge rigid plates moved slowly by convection currents
What are tectonic plates?
300
assumes new discoveries will further expand reserves; recycling, reuse and reduced consumption will extend supplies
What is longest or longer depletion time curve?
300
used on hilly or mountainous terrain, huge power shovel cuts a series of terraces into the side of a hill
What is contour strip mining?
400
Runoff from underground mines may carry this
What is sulfuric acid?
400
When pre-existing rock is subjected to high temperatures, high pressures, chemically active fluids, or a combination of these this forms
What is metamorphic rock?
400
area where 2 plates collide, the continental plate overrides the oceanic plate and the oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle
What is the subduction zone?
400
a potential source of metals from the ocean floor; potato sized, cover 25-50% of Pacific Ocean
What is manganese nodules?
400
explosives, 20-story tall shovels, huge machinery called draglines remove the top of a mountain & expose seams of coal
What is mountain top removal?
500
The fraction of ore containing waste materials
What is gangue?
500
rock that contains a fairly large amount of the desired mineral
What is high grade ore?
500
likely to be found at plate boundaries--must say both
What are earthquakes and volcanoes?
500
abandoned industrial sites
What are brownfields?
500
waste rock & dirt are dumped into streams & valleys, floods increase; toxic wastewater produced from coal processing is stored behind dams that overflow or collapse and release toxins such as selenium, arsenic & mercury
What are the environmental effects of mountaintop removal
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